Hanganga, Kōrero
Mahere rima-Tau i roto i te Soviet Union: te tepu, te tau, te kaupapa hanga nui. ahumahi hapori
Hei whakarite i te mua, me e hiahiatia ana te hakari ki te whakapai ake i te heke mai, ko reira e minaminatia e kore ki te faahiti i te mau hape o tupuna. USSR - te vnosshaya superpower kotahi kaha i te wa kotahi i te takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te hapori. Ko tētahi o nga ofa'i tihi o te ora o tangata Soviet nga wā-tau e rima. E ai ki o ratou hua, faihisitōlia kia whakawa te ahumahi o te whenua, whakarite i te whakatutukitanga o te mua, me te hakari, ki te mohio pehea te tawhiti hangarau kua mahue to tatou whakatupuranga, me te mea tonu utu tohe hoki. Na, ko te kaupapa o tenei tuhinga - mahere-tau e rima i roto i te USSR. Ko te ripanga i raro ka āwhina i ki hanganga i te matauranga riro i roto i te raupapa arorau.
Tuatahi rima-Year (1928-1932)
Na, 1 mahere-tau e rima timata i roto i te ingoa o te hapori. Country i muri e hiahiatia ana te Revolution i ahumahi, i roto i te tikanga ki te pupuri i tere ki te mana ārahi Pākehā. Ano, anake i te tikanga o te takoha kaha-hanga ahumahi ko reira taea ki te whakakotahi i te whenua, me te kawe i te Soviet Union ki te taumata hou o te hōia, me te whakaara i te taumata o te ahuwhenua, puta noa i te rohe nui. E ai ki te kāwanatanga, e hiahiatia ana he mahere pakari, me te parakore.
Ko te kupu, ko te whāinga matua ki te whakanui buildup hōia tere.
Ko te mahi matua o te mahere tuatahi-tau e rima
I te XIV Congress o te CPSU (b), i te mutunga o 1925, ua faaite Stalin te whakaaro e hiahia ana koe ki te whakaahua ke i te USSR i te whenua kawemai patu, me te taputapu kawemai ki te whenua, i te mea iho katoa e ahei te hua i te reira me supply ki ētahi atu āhua. O te akoranga, i reira he iwi e kua whakahuatia he tautohe u'ana, engari te whakaaro nuinga, i pouri ia. ka hiahia i roto i te meka e i roto i te tau tuatahi e rima ki te kawe i te whenua ki te mata mā te maka ana i roto i te wahi tuatahi i roto i te hanga o te rino Stalin. Ko te kupu, ko te tukanga o te ahumahi ki te kia tū i roto i te 4 ngā wāhanga:
- waka whakahoutanga hanganga.
- Ko te roha o ahumahi e pā ana ki te hanga o ngā rauemi, me te ahuwhenua.
- Tuhinga o hinonga kāwanatanga-fatuhia i runga i te rohe.
- Ko te huringa o te matatini pūngao.
Katoa e wha o te tukanga e kore tētahi, ka whakairo noa'i. Ko te kupu ka timata i te mahere-tau e rima o ahumahi o te whenua 1.
whakaaro katoa ki te kawe ki te ora e kore e taea e, Heoi, production ahumahi taimaha nui haere e tata 3 wā, me te engineering - 20 ngā wā. Noatia, kua meinga he taua otinga angitu o te kaupapa pai rawa taiao o te kāwanatanga. O te akoranga, ko reira pakeke hoki i hoatu iwi te mahere-tau e rima tuatahi i roto i te USSR. He tepu ki te hua o te tuatahi o enei e kia roto i roto i te mau parau i muri nei rite te pepeha taitara-ranei: "Ko te mea matua - ki te tīmata!"
Ko reira i tenei wa i reira ko te rota o te whakatū pānui e whakaatu te whakaaro matua me te tuakiri o te iwi Soviet.
kaupapa hanga Meiha i taua wa ko te maina waro i roto i te Donbass ko Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Paheko. tukua tenei ki te whakatutuki i te motuhake pūtea o te USSR. Ko te whare tino nui - Dnieper reira. 1932 th tohua kore te mutunga te mahere-tau e rima tuatahi anake, engari te nuinga mo te ahumahi hanga taimaha.
mana New e amuamu rohe haapuai tona mana i roto i Europe.
E rima-Year tau Mahere rua (1933-1937)
Tuarua rima-Tau Mahere roto i te porowhita teitei i huaina ko "mahere-tau e rima o collectivization" ranei "mātauranga tūmatanui." I whakaaetia te reira e te VII Congress o te CPSU (b). I muri i te whenua ahumahi taimaha e hiahiatia ana i roto i te whanaketanga ōhanga. Ko tenei vahi, a kua meinga te whāinga matua o te rua o nga mahere-tau e rima.
Ko te ahunga matua o te tuarua e rima
Ko te ope matua me pūtea kāwanatanga i roto i te timatanga o te "mahere-tau e rima o collectivization" Kua arotahi ki runga i te hanga o te tipu metallurgical. He ko te Ural-Kuzbass, kia te Dnieper nāianei tuatahi. E kore te whenua i ngenge i mua pūtaiao. Ko te kupu, tohua te rua o nga wā-tau e rima te taunga tuatahi i te ope Te Tai Tokerau Pou puta Papanin teihana neke SP-1. Tino hanga te arā raro.
I tenei wa, whakanohoia he aronga nui i runga i whakataetae-pāpori i roto i kaimahi. Ko te pyatiletki pahų tino rongonui - Aleksey Stahanov. I te tau 1935 whakaturia e ia he record hou mā te rere i te kotahi auau neke 14 neke.
Tuatoru rima-Year (1938-1942)
Timata o te toru o nga wā-tau e rima i tohua e te pepeha: "! Hopu ake, ka nui te hanga mō ia o whenua capitalist whakawhanakehia" I hāngai te tautooraa matua o te kāwanatanga ki te whakanui ake i korero te whenua o, me rite i roto i te tau tuatahi e rima, no te mea o nei i tukua e hanga o nga taonga o te whakamahi iwi.
Mahere Directions Tuatoru Five-Year
Na roto i te timatanga o 1941, tata hawhe (43%), ko whakapaipai te whenua o ki te whakaara i te taumata o te ahumahi taimaha. I runga i te eve o te whawhai i roto i te USSR, i roto i nga Urals me Siberia tere tipu wahie, me te pūngao turanga. E tika ana hoki te kāwanatanga ko te hanganga o "Baku tuarua" - he wāhi hou o te hinu production, i mahara ki te puta i waenganui i te Täingäwai me nga Urals.
utua ngā aro i ki te tank, rererangi, me te tahi atu tipu o tenei ahua. Tino nui haere te taumata o te hanga o te kariri me pū anga. Heoi, lagged nga ringa o te USSR tonu i muri i te hauauru, ngā i te German, engari e kore e tino te take o ngā momo hou o patu i roto i te hohoro, ara i roto i te tuatahi o nga marama o te whawhai.
A maha rima-Year (1946-1950)
I muri i te whawhai, whenua katoa i ki whakahauora ratou production ōhanga me, te USSR muri mahi tata rawa i roto i te mutunga o nga 40s ka tīmata reira te wha te wā. e kore te Mahere rima-Tau auraa buildup hōia, rite i mua, engari te whakaoranga o ngaro i roto i ao katoa o te ora tūmatanui i roto i te whawhai.
Ko te whakatutukitanga matua o te wha o nga mahere-tau e rima
kua rua noa nga tau, kua tutuki i te taumata i taua o te production ahumahi, i te aroaro o te whawhai, ahakoa te meka e mahere mo te mahere-tau e rima tuarua, me te tuatoru hoatu mua paerewa whakahaere uaua. I roto i te tau 1950, kua hoki mai nga whakaurunga production matua ki te taumata 1940. A, no te mutunga o te wā-tau e rima 4, tupu te ahumahi e 41%, me te hanganga o ngā whare - 141%.
I roto i te tikanga ki te anō-tomo te Dnieper hou, anō nga maina katoa o Donbass. I taua tuhipoka mo 4 mahere-tau e rima.
Te rima rima-Year (1951-1955)
I roto i te Tuarima Mahere rima-tau patu ngota atu noa, puta tuatahi i roto i te NPP ao i roto i Obninsk, a i roto i te tīmatanga o 1953 i te pou o te matenga o te kāwanatanga hei utu o I. V. Stalina e N. S. Hruschov.
whakatutukitanga nui tuarima rima
Ka rite ki nui haere rua te haumi i roto i te hanga, ka nui haere ngā rōrahi o te hua (71%), i roto i te ahuwhenua - 25%. I maoro, i hanga nga otaota maitai hou - Caucasian me Cherepovets. I runga i te Unuhia tuatahi kei te tino wāhanga ranei hanga Tsimlyanskaya me Gorkovskaya HPP. I te mutunga o te rima o pūtaiao-tau e rima rongo ahau e pā ana ki nga pōma ngota, me te hauwai.
I te pae hopea, i hangaia tuatahi reira Täingäwai-Don hongere me Omsk hinu whakatere whakapai, tino nui haere auau o waro maina. Na kua tomo 12.5 miriona heketea o te whenua hou ki te tohanga.
Te ono rima-Year (1956-1960)
haere mai Neke atu i te 2 500 hinonga nui ki te mahi, ka ono o nga mahere-tau e rima. I te mutunga o taua mea, i roto i te 1959, ka anga reira he mahere whakarara-tau whitu. moni National nui haere e 50%. Kua tuaruatia ano Investments i roto i tenei wā, i hua i roto i te whanaketanga whānui o te ahumahi marama.
Ko te whakatutukitanga matua o te Mahere Ono Five-Year
putanga matotoru o te ahumahi me te ahuwhenua nui haere e neke atu i te 60%. I oti ratou Gorky, te Täingäwai, Kuibyshev ko Irkutsk HPP. Na roto i te mutunga o te mahere-tau e rima i hanga ake mira rarua nui o te ao i roto i Ivanovo. I roto i te Katatānga, ka anga reira whanaketanga kaha o nga whenua wahine. Ko te Soviet Union hopea i te whakangungu rakau pere karihi.
amiorangi tuatahi o te ao whakarewahia Oketopa 4, 1957. tautooraa maere o te whakawhanake ahumahi taimaha. Heoi, ko te nuinga o rahunga, whakaritea te kāwanatanga he mahere-tau e whitu, e ngā whitu o nga mahere-tau e rima me te rua tau whakamutunga o te tuaono.
Te whitu rima-Year (1961-1965)
Ka rite ki matau ana koutou, i roto i April 1961 rere te iwi tuatahi i roto i te ao ki te wāhi. Tenei hui tohua te timatanga o te mahere whitu-tau e rima. tonu moni Motu ki te tupu i runga i te rima tau e haere ake nei, te whakanui ake i te tata 60%. Ko te taumata o te putanga ahumahi matotoru nui haere e 83%, ahuwhenua - 15%.
I ngā tau pokapū-1965 ka mau te Soviet Union he tūranga matatau i runga i te waro me te rino ore rite te pai kia rite ki mo hanga o sima, e kore te mea maere e. Kei te tonu kaha whakawhanakehia te whenua ahumahi taimaha, me te ahumahi hanga, tupu te pa i roto i ona kanohi, a ka hoki te hiahia whare kaha sima.
Te waru Mahere rima-Year (1966-1970)
e kore mahere-tau e rima i te tikanga i te hanga o ngā rauemi, me te hanganga o ngā whare hou, me wheketere. tonu pa ki te whakawhānui i. Hoki te peresideniraa mai L. I. Brezhnev. I roto i enei tau e rima, i reira e maha teihana raro, te Te Hau-ā-uru-Siberian me Karaganda Metallurgical Plant, te wheketere motokā tuatahi Vaz (Putanga:. 600 mano waka ia tau), Krasnoyarsk HPP - te teihana nui i roto i te ao i taua wa.
faatiti'aifarohia hanga whare Active te obezdolivaniya raruraru (tei tavevo o te whawhai tavevo tonu i roto i te pa nui). I te mutunga o 1969 riro neke atu i te 5 miriona noho whaitua hou. I muri i te rere Yu. A. Gagarina ki tātai arorangi wāhi hanga kua he tupeke nui atu, te Rover tuatahi, kawea mai oneone i te marama, tae te mīhini i hanga te mata o Venus.
Te iwa rima-Year (1971-1975)
I roto i te Ninth Five-hanga neke atu i te mano hinonga ahumahi, te rōrahi matotoru o te āhua ahumahi o te hua nui haere e 45%, me te ahuwhenua - 15%. Tino whakawhanake automotive, e hanga ana waka me rerewē. nui Investment kua 300 piriona moni i te tau.
Ko te whanaketanga o te hinu, me te hau-whanau poka i Western Siberia arahina ki te hanga o pakihi maha, faaineine i te pipelines. Mai te ahua o te maha nui o ngā tipu tupu me te taumata o te taupori mahi, i whakapumautia ai i te tohu "pahų o te Mahere rima-Tau iwa" (mō te hiranga i roto i to ratou mahi, me te i roto i te wāhi mahi).
Te tekau rima-Year (1976-1980)
Tino te whakatairanga moni motu me tīmata rōrahi putanga ahumahi ki te haere ki raro. Na e kore e te whenua e hiahia ana te hua nui i roto i te mahi, engari e hiahiatia ana i nga wa katoa te whanaketanga pūmau o ao katoa o te ahumahi kua.
haere mai Oil hanga ki te mua, kia maha pipelines e totoro puta noa Western Siberia i hanga mo te rima tau, i reira kua whakawhanakehia tona mahi rau o teihana. Tino nui haere te maha o te taputapu mahi: tarakihana, taraka.
Te tekau ma tahi rima-Year (1981-1985)
Hoki ka timata te Soviet Union wa rawa arepurepu. Ua ite te kāwanatanga katoa te taenga o te raruraru, te take hoki i reira tokomaha nga: ā-, waho, tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. I tetahi wa i reira taea ki te huri i te hanganga o te kaha, kahore o tukuange hapori, engari i hua tetahi o tenei. No te mea o te raruraru, iwi noho tūranga kaiārahi o te State, i rawa hohoro whakakapi. Ko te kupu, L. I. Brezhnev noho Hekeretari o te CPSU noa 10.11.1982, Yu V. Andropov te tūranga puritia ia tae noa ki 13.02.1984, K. I roto i .Chernenko -. Ki runga ki 03.10.1985.
tonu te reira ki te whakawhanake i hau waka i Western Siberia ki Western Europe. Hanga te paipa "Urengoy - Uzhgorod - Pomary" roa o 4500 km, whiti nga maunga Ural me rau o awa.
Tekau ma rua rima-Year (1986-1990)
Mahere Last rima-tau mo te USSR. Hoki tona wa, i whakaritea ai ki te whakatinana i te rautaki ōhanga wā roa-, engari haere, ara te mahere. I taua wa, he tokomaha nga te tohu o te hama tekau ma rua rima-Tau: kaimahi, kaimahi me ngā mātanga o hinonga, Engineers whakaritea ... (a ka wāhanga rite) ki te whakarite i hanga o ahumahi marama.
Mahere rima-Year o te USSR: tepu whakarāpopoto
Na, kua whakarārangitia poto tatou i te mahere-tau e rima i roto i te USSR. Ko te tepu ki tou whakarongo, ka āwhina i ki te whakarite me te whakahiato i te rauemi i runga ake. Kei roto i te pukapuka nga āhuatanga tino nui o ia mahere.
№ (tau e rima-tau) | whāinga mahere | mahere-tau e rima hanga Meiha | hua |
tuatahi (1928-1932) | Tetahi utu ake i te mana hōia, me te whakapai ake i hanga o te ahumahi taimaha. | Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Whakakotahitia, Dnieper, maina waro i roto i te Donbass me Kuzbass. | 3 ngā wā nui haere hanga o te ahumahi taimaha, me 20 nga wa - engineering, whakakore kore mahi. |
tuarua (1933-1937) | I. V. Stalin: "E matou ki te hopu ake ki whenua arā atu anō i roto i 5-10 tau, ranei ka kuru ia tatou e ratou." hiahiatia te whenua ki te whakapiki ake i te taumata o ngā momo katoa o ahumahi, e rua taimaha, me te marama. | Ural-Kuzbass - tuarua te waro me te turanga metallurgical o te whenua, he hongere whakatere "Moscow - Täingäwai". | Tino nui haere moni motu, me te production ahumahi (2 nga wa), ahuwhenua - i te 1.5 wā. |
tuatoru (1938-1942) | Nā ki te kaupapa here pukuriri o ope matua Nasí Germany o i tonoa ki korero te whenua o me te hanga o te mīhini me te ahumahi taimaha. | Ko te aronga i runga i whare mātauranga i te timatanga o te kaha e rima-pou whakawhiti ki te Urals: hua manureva, cars, pu, me ngā mōtā e reira. | Ko te whenua i tukua e parekura nui e tika ana ki te whawhai, engari kua whakatu mua parepare me hanga o te ahumahi taimaha. |
tuawha (1946-1950) | Anō o te whenua i muri i te Pakanga II o te Ao. He mea tika ki te whakatutuki i te taumata i taua o te production rite i roto i te wā i mua i-te pakanga. | Ano tae mai ki te mahi Dnieper, Donbass mana o te Te Tai Tokerau Caucasus. | Na roto i te i tae 1948 taumata mua-te pakanga, kāore i te US he heriheri i runga i patu karihi, tino heke te utu o taketake taonga tono. |
tuarima (1951-1955) | Te whakanui ake i te rōrahi o te moni motu, me te production ahumahi. | Täingäwai-Don Canal (1952). Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (1954). | Hanga maha Faarii me ngā tipu huringa, e rua nga wa nui haere te taumata o te production ahumahi. ako Pūtaiao e pā ana ki te pōma ngota, me te hauwai. |
tuaono (1956-1960) | Te whakatairanga i te whakapaipai ko kore taimaha anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te ahumahi marama, me te i roto i te ahuwhenua. |
Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk ko Volgograd HPP. Rarua (Ivanovo). | Investments nui haere e tata e rua nga wa, mātātoa te tūhura i te whenua o Western Siberia me te Caucasus. |
te whitu o (1961-1965) | Hua o te moni motu, me te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao. | 12 Paengawhāwhā - te rere Yu A. Gagarina.. | Hua o ngā rawa pūmau e 94%, te moni motu nui haere e 62%, te putanga ahumahi matotoru i 65%. |
te waru (1966-1970) | Te whakapai ake i te tohu katoa: production ahumahi matotoru, ahuwhenua, moni motu. | Hanga Krasnoyarskaya, fraternal, Saratov HPP Te Hau-ā-uru Sibirisky Steel Works, Täingäwai motokā (Whā). hanga te reira i te Rover kaupeka tuatahi. | oho Astronomy whakamua (kawea te oneone i ki marama, tae Venus te mata), nat. tupu moni 44%, te rōrahi o te ahumahi - i te 54%. |
te iwa (1971-1975) | Te whakawhanake ahuwhenua kāinga me te engineering. | Construction o refineries i Western Siberia, te timatanga o te hanganga o te paipa. | Tino whakawhanake i te ahumahi matū i muri i te whanaketanga o putunga o Western Siberia. Whakatakotoria 33 mano. Km o pipelines hau, 22.5 Whārangi. Km o pipelines hinu. |
tekau (1976-1980) | Ko te whakatuwheratanga o hinonga hou, te whanaketanga o Siberia Western me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. | Kama tipu, UST-Ilim teihana hurihiko. | Ko te maha o te hinu me te hau pipelines. He ahumahi hou. |
te tekau ma tahi (1981-1985) | whakamahi More pai o te hanga rawa. | Paipa "Urengoy - Uzhgorod - Pomary" roa o 4500 km. | tae te roa o te hau, me te hinu pipelines me 56 110 mano. Km aua. Nui haere moni motu, nui haere hua pāpori. Whänui wheketere taputapu hangarau. |
te tekau ma rua (1986-1990) | Whakatinanatanga o te ripeneta o te rautaki ōhanga. | Kei te hangaia te nuinga whare noho. | He wähanga i whakarewahia hanga o ahumahi marama. Te whakapai ake pūngao kamupene supply. |
Ka rite ki uaua rite enei mahere, whakaatu nga hua o mahere-tau e rima te manawanui me te itoito o te iwi. Ae, kua mea katoa i mea ahau i kore. a Mahere ono rima-Tau ki "te whakahou" e tika ana ki te mahere-tau whitu.
Ahakoa uaua te mahere-tau e rima i roto i te USSR (Ripanga - tohu hāngai), engari whakaaro tāia ki te iwi Soviet ki nga tikanga katoa a tae noa i mua o te hōtaka. Ko te pepeha matua o mahere-tau e rima katoa i: "Mahere Five-Tau i roto i te wha tau e!"
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