Pūhui konganuku alkali me ratou whakamahinga

Mai i katoa o te pūnaha wā o te huānga, ko te rōpū nui o konganuku. Alkali, kawakore whenua, amphoteric, rangitahi, iraruke - he rota o ratou. konganuku katoa whai wāhi nui i roto i te āhua me te ora tangata koiora e kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i ngā ahumahi. E kore hoki tetahi e kua te rau tau XX kua karangatia e te "rino".

Konganuku: āhuatanga whānui

E ngā e matū me te tinana āhuatanga noa, i e taea e ratou ngāwari taiea i ngā rauemi kore-konganuku konganuku katoa. Hei tauira, ka taea te karaihe hanganga wini whakakahokaho ki a ratou kia:

• conductors nāianei hiko;
• conductors wera pai;
• ngohengohe me te kōngohe;
• roa, me te pīataata.

O te akoranga, i reira he rerekētanga i roto i a ratou. Ētahi konganuku whiti tae hiriwa, etahi - atu ma Hāmā, me etahi atu - katoa whero me te kōwhai. Ano, i reira he rerekētanga i roto i ngā o te kawe ia waiariki, me te hiko. Ko tonu, enei tawhā - he noa ki konganuku katoa, i-konganuku kore e nui ake rerekētanga atu ngā ōritenga.

E ai ki te āhua matū o konganuku katoa - te whakaiti i āpiha. Tei runga i te tikanga tauhohenga me taea hoki te matū motuhake ngāue āpiha rite oxidizing, engari varavara. matū maha ahei o hanga. Ko te pūhui matū o konganuku puta noatia i roto i te rahinga nui i roto i te hanganga o te ore ranei kohuke, kohuke me ētahi atu momo. He pai tonu te tohu o te piti hāora o konganuku, kia ai taua mea tamau (konumohe, konutai, konupūmā) ranei te ana'iraa (chromium, rino, parahi, konupora).

Kei te whānui tokomaha o ratou whakamahia rite ngā rauemi hanga e whakamahia i roto i mara ngā o te pūtaiao me te hangarau.

pūhui konganuku Chemical

I roto i enei kia whakahuatia e rave rahi akomanga nui o ngā matū e ko nga hua o te pāhekoheko o te konganuku ki ētahi atu āhuatanga, me pūhui.

1. Waikura, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides me etahi - pūhui ā-rua ki-konganuku kore, tino maha no ki te piha o te tai (anake te waikura).
2. Waihā - tātai whānui ahau ^{+ x} (OH) _x.
3. Tote. pūhui konganuku ki ngā toenga waikawa. Ka taea e kia rerekē:

• reo;
• kawa;
• rua;
• taketake;
• matatini.

4. Ko te pūhui whakarewa ki matū organic - hanganga organometallic.

5. Ko te pūhui whakarewa ki tahi i te tahi - alloys e whiwhi i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē.

pūhui konganuku taatou

Matū i roto i nei kia konganuku e rua rerekē e rua atu, roherohea e whai ake:

• alloys;
• tai rua;
• pūhui matatini;
• pūhui intermetallic.

pūhui tahi Methods whakarewa rerekē hoki. Hei tauira, ki te whakamahi i alloys rewa tikanga o te ranu me te solidifying te hua hua.

Intermetallics i hanga e tika ana ki tauhohe matū tika i waenganui i konganuku, maha tupu ki pahūtanga (pērā i te konutea me te konukōreko). Hoki enei tukanga Me tikanga motuhake: he tiketike rawa te pāmahana, te pēhanga, mārua, kore o te hāora, me ētahi atu.

Ka taea te hanga e tai Double me pūhui matatini ka riringi rongoā o te rauemi tīmata, me te ratou hononga.

titau hoki Manufacturing o whakarewa he hononga i waenganui i a ratou. Ki te mahi i tenei, te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pērā i:

• fehokotakianga (hau, hiko, me pera i runga i);
• brazing momo rerekē o solders;
• miro;
• toko.

Ko te huru matua - ko ki te waihanga i tētahi hua e taea e ātete ki te waikura, me i nei ki reira e kia kaimono, me poke, kapiti.

pūhui konganuku alkali me ratou whakamahinga

Huaina āhuatanga alkali i roto i te Huingaiti tuatahi o te rōpū matua o te pūnaha wā. E 6 anake me kei te tuwhera nga tata katoa ratou i te wa ano ki te wā wā iti. I roto i te puka o matū ohie i roto i te āhua e kore e enei huānga tupu.

Nā ki te tauhohenga tiketike mahi tino uaua, me te mōrearea ki a ratou. Na i matou ki te mahi pakeke ki te hanga tu ratou i roto i te puka parakore. Roa i mua i timata ai te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā pūhui konganuku alkali. Etahi o ratou kua mohiotia mai i nga wa onamata, me te kore i ngaro faufaa me hāngaitanga tenei ra. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te engineering, hanga, rongoā, ahumahi kai, ahumahi matū, metallurgy, engineering aunoa, ahuwhenua, me te maha atu wahi o te ōhanga. Ko te hunga matua, he titiro.

Ngā momo o pūhui o konganuku alkali ki ētahi atu konganuku no ki te rōpū:

• pūhui intermetallic;
• pūhui matatini;
• tai rua.

waikura

O nga konganuku alkali katoa i ngingiha noa i roto i te hāora ki te hoatu i te waikura taea o te konukōhatu anake. Te faaiteiteraa mahi nui e toe ana, na reira i whai ahua ai peroxides ahau ₂ E _2. O whai nga peroxides taea te whiwhi he waikura whakarewa ohie ahua te pūhui ahau ₂ O. Hāora noa o konganuku alkali i rerekē ngā tae.

1. Waikura o lithium, pāhare pāporo me te konutai - tioata paura ma.
2. Rubidium - kōwhai waikura tae.
3. Caesium - karaka.

Ko te mara matua o tono - te ahumahi matū. huru waikura konganuku alkali ki te wai ki te hanga i pūhui nui - alkali. Tenei taonga me te tika ki te ingoa o tenei rōpū o ngā huānga. Pūhui o alkali - waikura konganuku - wāhanga anake o te taimaha matū nui, me te nui katoa, e roto i enei āhuatanga.

Waihā (alkali)

Ko te pūhui o konganuku alkali gidroksogrupp huaina alkali waihā ranei. Katoa o ratou - he taonga rawa waihā e taea ngāwari whakangaro tata tetahi rauemi. Ko rawa pono o te kopa kararehe tenei. Heoi te mahi ki te kawakore kia kia tino tupato, ka taea e weranga matū hohonu puta i te wāhi o te whakapā ki te kiri.

Ko te pai mohiotia i roto i te taonga alkali he konutai waihā, ranei konutai waihā. Kua tēnei pūhui kua mohiotia mai nga wa onamata, kei hea te tangohia ai i te pungarehu o te tipu, me te whakamahia mō te hopi hanga me kakahu horoi. tātai Chemical - NaOH. I teie mahana hua konutai waihā i te nui nui i roto i ia whenua, mai i waho e kore e tona whai wāhitanga mahi tata kahore tetahi peka o te hanga. Kei te whakamahia te reira:

• i roto i te ahumahi hinu;
• i roto i te poke me te mea kakara;
• kōtuitanga matū;
• mo te hanga o teretere me āpiha horoi, abrasives;
• i roto i te ahumahi hiako, me te pueru, me ētahi atu mara.

Ētahi atu konganuku i te rōpū o te puka kawakore kore te mea pera nui, me te noa alkali. Ētahi atu iti iho ranei nui he anake waihā pāhare pāporo - KOH, i mohiotia te rite tau hopi waihā.

tai

Taua pūhui he konganuku alkali, rite Mariao, he kore noa pūhui tata kī, engari ano hoki i roto i te tinana o mea ora, te pupuri ratou ora noa.

Tote he tino nui, o te akoranga, te konutai pūhaumāota. Ko te noa tenei tote tepu, i te mea reira i roto i nga whare, me te e kore e tāpiri faufaa ngā tika ki te lahi tiketike. Heoi, ki te whakaaro tatou e ia ohorere ngaro, torutoru iwi e kia hopearaa oaoa. kai pāhūhū i uaua, haunga faatupu te reira i kino tūnguru, mai kore e taea e te tinana te tomo i te katote konutai e hiahiatia ana mo te ngakau, me te toto oko.

Hoki nui pūhui whakarewa alkali - he pākawa. Rawa pākawa waro me te konutai hauwai, e kiia nei ko i te houra noa. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga o te karaihe, mo te hokohoko i teretere. Ka taea e te houra horoi humarie te rihi. He āhuatanga ringihia, ringihia, horoi me te bleaching pai. Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi kai, rawa i roto i te mahi rare me te parāoa. Ki te kohuatia reira hopi hanga teretere.

Pekana, te tote me te waihā - enei pūhui katoa whakarewa alkali i roto i te natura. te tīariari ratou i roto i te puka parakore, hanga putunga wahi ranei o nga hua ngingiha o ngā matū. I te tahi taime whiwhi ratou tikanga taiwhanga. Ko nga wa katoa e nui, me te tino enei matū, rite karapotia he tangata me te tarai i tona ora.

e kore e pūhui whakarewa alkali me ratou whakamahinga iti ki te konutai. He noa a rongonui i roto i nga mara o te ōhanga, tai pērā i hoki reira:

• konurehu pūhaumāota;
• pākawa pāhare pāporo (pāhare pāporo pākawa);
• konurehu pākawa waro;
• Pūkawa.

He maniua kohuke nui whakamahia i roto i te ahuwhenua katoa o ratou.

konganuku whenua kawakore - pūhui, me to ratou whakamahinga

Tenei kāwai ngā te āhuatanga o te rōpū tuarua o te rōpū matua o ngā huānga matū. Ratou āhua pitihāoratanga tamau o +2. Tenei āpiha whakaiti kaha, ngā tauhohe ki te nuinga o ngā matū ohie me pūhui. Whakaatu āhuatanga katoa angamaheni o konganuku: mōhinuhinu, kōpoke, waiariki, me te kawe ia hiko.

Ko te hunga tino nui, me te noa he konupora me te konupūmā. E whakaatu ana Konuuku amphoteric, konu me konutuki he āhuatanga onge. E taea e ki te whakaputa i te momo e whai ake nei o hononga katoa o ratou:

• intermetallic;
• waikura;
• hydrides;
• tai-rua (pūhui ki nonmetals);
• waihā;
• te tote (rua, matatini, waikawa, taketake, reo).

A feruri i te pūhui tino nui i te wāhi mahi o te tirohanga, me ratou tono.

konupora me te konupūmā tai

Ēnei pūhui whakarewa whenua kawakore, pērā i tai, he nui hoki kaiao ora. I muri i te katoa, i te tai konupūmā ko te pūtake o tenei huānga i roto i te tinana. A i waho e kore e taea e te mea hanganga noa o te kōhiwi, niho, haona, kararehe, paua, makawe me te koti, a na i runga i.

Ko te kupu, ko te tote tino noa, he whakarewa whenua kawakore he konupūmā pākawa waro. atu ana taitara:

• tioka;
• mapere;
• pākeho;
• dolomite.

Kei te whakamahia rite kore anake te kaiwhakarato o ngā katote konupūmā i roto i te rauropi ora, engari ka rite ki te rauemi hanga, rauemi raw mō te ahumahi matū, i roto i te ahumahi te poke, karaihe, me te pera i runga i.

Taua pūhui o konganuku whenua kawakore pērā i Ngā pūkawa hoki, he nui. Hei tauira, whakamahia konu pūkawa (te ingoa hauora "pāreti barite") i roto i rongoā iraruke. konupūmā pākawa i roto i te puka o te tioata - he gypsum, kitea nei i roto i te natura. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te rongoā, hanga, takahi pakete.

Phosphors o konganuku kawakore whenua

E mohiotia ēnei matū mai i te anotau Middle. I mua, i huaina ratou phosphors. Tenei ingoa kitea te tenei ra. Na roto ratou natura, enei pūhui - he konupora pūngāwhā, strontium, konu, konupūmā.

I te tetahi maimoatanga, e taea ki te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga pūtūtae, me te mura rawa ataahua i whero ki kanapa papura ratou. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te hanga o tohu ara, kākahu, me te tahi atu mau mea.

pūhui matatini

Matū e ngā huānga e rua, neke atu rānei rerekē konganuku o te natura, - pūhui maitai matatini. Nuinga o ngā wā, he wai ratou, whai stains ataahua, me te ātaahua. Whakamahia i roto i te matū tātari mo te kite kounga o katote.

E ahei o hanga te konganuku whenua alkali me kawakore kore anake, engari ano hoki i te era katoa taua matū. He hydroxo, complexes aqua me ētahi atu.