Synapse - tenei ... Hanga he synapse. Nervous, synapse uaua me te matū

Synapse - he pihi tautuhi wāhi whakapā o ngā pūtau io me te toe kore-ka hikaka, me te ka hikaka pūtau e whakarato te tuku o ngā mōhiohio tohu. Synapse morphologically i hanga whakapā kiriuhi 2 pūtau. Kei te pā ana te membrane ki te konga o ngā pūtau io, ka karanga te membrane presynaptic o te pūtau, e manako ana he tohu, te tuarua o tona ingoa - postsynaptic. Āpiti atu ki te membrane postsynaptic kia interneuronal synapse, uauaio me neurosecretory. whakaurua kupu o te synapse i roto i 1897 e Charles Sherrington (Eng. physiologist).

He aha te mea he synapse?

Synapse - he hanganga motuhake, e whakarato ana te tuku o te karere muka karere hihiko ki tetahi karere weu pūtau karere ranei, me e tupu pānga i runga i te muka karere i te pūtau receptor (wāhi whakapā ki ia atu ngā pūtau io, me ētahi atu muka neural), e rua ngā pūtau io titau .

Synapse - he tari iti i roto i te mutunga o te neuron. Ki te tona awhina ko te whakawhiti o ngā mōhiohio i te tuatahi ki te tuarua o nga neuron. he Synapse i toru ngā wāhanga o te pūtau io. Ano he synapses i roto i te wāhi i reira mai pūtau karere ki te hononga ki te repe rerekē uaua o te tinana ranei.

He aha te mea i roto i te synapse

Ko te hanganga o te synapse he taiawhio ohie. Kei te hanga e te reira o te 3 nga wahi, i ia o nei e whakamana i etahi mahi i roto i te tuku raraunga. Ko te kupu, kia huaina ai te hanganga taua he synapse e tika ana mō karere hihiko te tuku. Tika i runga i te tukanga o te whakawhiti kōrero pā i te pūtau matua e rua: kite me te whakawhitihia. terminals presynaptic te whakawhitihia i te mutunga o nga ngā pūtau axon (te wahi tuatahi o te synapse). Kia pā te reira i te pūtau ki te tīmata i te neurotransmitters (He maha ngā tikanga tenei kupu: kaitakawaenga kaitakawaenga neurotransmitters ranei) - etahi matū matū, ai waenganui i 2 neurons whakatinanahia whakawhiti o te tohu hiko.

kapiti Synaptic Ko te wahi waenganui o synapses - ko te roanga i waenganui i 2 tauhohe ngā pūtau io. Na roto i tenei āputa me te tomo pūtau mā te whakawhitihia te pini hiko. Ko te wahi whakamutunga o te synapse whakaaro te ki kia farii o te pūtau, e ko te mutunga o postsynaptic (kongakonga whakapā pūtau ki rerekē receptors tairongo i roto i to ratou hanganga).

kaitakawaenga synapse

Ko te takawaenga (i te Latin Media - tuku, takawaenga waenganui ranei). synapse tino nui i roto i te tuku o te hihiko io taua kaitakawaenga.

rerekētanga morphological o synapses inhibitory me excitatory ko e kore ratou e whai i te tikanga tuku o te neurotransmitter. whakaaro te takawaenga i roto i te synapses inhibitory, me ētahi atu nekeneke neuron synapses inhibitory te he glycine waikawa amino. Otiia e kore e te te wahia te āhua whakaongaonga o te synapse ranei takoto e ratou kaitakawaenga, me te taonga o te membrane postsynaptic. Hei tauira, acetylcholine hoatu pānga whakaongaonga i te terminals synapse uauaio (raru vagus i roto i te myocardium).

Acetylcholine Ko te neurotransmitter i roto i te neurotransmission excitatory cholinergic (te kairau a membrane presynaptic te mutunga o te ua nekeneke neuron), i roto i te synapse i runga i ngā pūtau Renshaw ki te kāpeka presynaptic, repe werawera, nadpochenikov medulla i roto i te whēkau, me te synapse i ganglia o te pūnaha io pukuaroha. kitea Atsetilholi-nesterazu me acetylcholine hoki i te hautanga o te wahi rerekē o te roro, i ētahi wā i roto i ngā tau nui, engari i tua atu i te synapse cholinergic kore i runga i ngā pūtau ano i taea e ki te tāutu i te synapses cholinergic toe Renshaw. E ai ki kaipūtaiao, te mahi takawaenga acetylcholine whakaongaonga i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū ko te tino pea.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine me epinephrine) e whakaaro kaitakawaenga adrenergic. E synthesized Epinephrine me norepinephrine i roto i te otinga o te karere pukuaroha i roto i te roro pūtau adrenal, roro me te ua. waikawa amino (tyrosine me L-phenylalanine) rite te taonga tīmata me te kōtuitui anō o te Adrenaline hua whakamutunga. taonga takawaenga, e ngā norepinephrine me dopamine, te mahi ano hoki te mahi o neurotransmitters i te synapse, hanga i roto i te hopearaa o te raru pukuaroha. pea tenei mahi rānei te wahia (intestinal repe secretory, e rave rahi sphincters me uaua maeneene arahau, me whēkau) excitatory ranei (sphincters uaua maeneene me te etahi oko toto, synapse myocardial - norepinephrine, i roto i te podkrovnyh te karihi kaka - dopamine).

ngā A, no te oti ratou mahi o neurotransmitters synapse, catecholamine whenumi e whakamutunga karere presynaptic, me te waka transmembrane te. I roto i kaitakawaenga absorption e tiakina synapses i kēkeno taimi halá, i runga i te mahi roa, me te maheni.

Synapse: momo taketake me mahi

Langley i roto i 1892, kua reira kua fokotu'u e kore he tuku synaptic i roto i te ganglia autonomic o kararehe te āhua hiko, me te matū. I muri i te 10 tau, kua Elliott kua kitea e te Adrenaline i te repe adrenal whiwhi i te taua pānga rite te whakaongaonga o te raru pukuaroha.

Muri riro e Adrenaline huna ana ahei e neurons ki runga ki excitation me tukua e te whakamutunga io. Otiia i roto i te 1921, i hanga Riwai te wheako, kua whakapumautia nei e te āhua o te tuku matū i synapses roto ngakau vegetative me raru vagus. whakakiia e ia nga oko poraka ngakau ki saline ka whakaongaongatia te karere vagus, te hanga i te mokowhiti puhoi. A, no te whakawhitia te wai kei te i te whakaongaonga cardiac leva nestimulirovanoe ngakau te āta patu. Mahino, whakaongaonga o te karere vagus meinga tuku retarding kaihoko i roto i te otinga. Acetylcholine tā tino te pānga o tenei taonga. I roto i 1930, te tūranga o te acetylcholine i roto i te tuku synaptic i ganglia o te pūnaha io autonomic tūturu tāuta Feldberg me tona tokotoko.

synapse matū

Ko parau te synapse matū rerekē ritenga tuku ki te awhina o te takawaenga ki te presinapsa i runga i postsinaps. Na reira, ko te wehewehe i roto i te Morphology o te synapse matū. Ko atu noa i roto i whai tuaiwi CNS te synapse matū. Kei te mohiotia te reira i teie nei e taea ki te tutakina me te synthesize te rua o kaitakawaenga (kaitakawaenga kētanga e) te neuron ko. whai hoki neurons neurotransmitter plasticity - te kaha ki te huri i takawaenga nui i roto i te whanaketanga.

synapse uauaio

Tenei synapse whakawhiti excitation, engari ka taea e tenei hononga whatiia iho te momo o ngā āhuatanga. mutu te whakawhiti i roto i pana o te pā i roto i te acetylcholine ngatata synaptic, ano i roto i tona herehere ana i roto i te taikaha o te rohe o te membrane postsynaptic. He plurality o paihana me taero pā hopu, putanga e hono nei te ki acetylcholine receptors o te membrane postsynaptic, mea poraka uaua synapse te tuku o te excitation. mate te rauropi i roto i whakahēmanawatanga me mutu te kupukupu uaua.

Botulism - tāoke koiora i roto i te synapse, reira poraka te tuku o te excitation, ka pakaru ririki ki te presynaptic syntaxin pūmua kāpeka, ki te tukua i roto i te acetylcholine kapiti synaptic. He maha ngā whawhai matū paitini kotahi āpiha pharmacologic (neostigmine methylsulfate me neostigmine), me te insecticides aukati āriponga o excitation i roto i te synapse uauaio whakamahi Tautauā acetylcholinesterase - he paru e wawahi iho acetylcholine. Na reira, i reira ko te haaputuputuraa o acetylcholine i roto i te rohe membrane synaptic heke tūtohutanga ki te takawaenga, kua hanga i roto i o kiriuhi postsynaptic, rumaki i roto i te kōwae receptor cytosol. he whai hua acetylcholine, ka āraia te synapse te.

Synapse manavasii: āhuatanga me wāhanga

Synapse - he wāhi hononga whakapā i waenganui i ngā pūtau e rua. Na takoto ia o ratou i roto i tona membrane electrogenic. Kei synapse Nervous o toru wāhanga matua: te membrane postsynaptic, kapiti synaptic me te membrane presynaptic. membrane Postsynaptic - he whakamutunga io, e atu ki te uaua, me te tuku iho ki te uaua kiko. I roto i te rohe o te vesicles presynaptic ko reira - he kōhao kati ki te takawaenga. E tonu ratou i roto i te nekehanga.

Tata i te membrane o mutunga karere, hanumi vesicles ki taua mea, a ka taka te takawaenga ki te kapiti synaptic. I roto i te kei roto kotahi vesicle neurotransmitter aronui pungaraungao me (e tika ana mo te kōtuitui o te neurotransmitter ratou - puna pūngao tuatahi), synthesized acetylcholine atu te i Matuorakouawai, me raro i te mana o te pūmua whākōkī atsetilholintransferrazy tukatuka ki atsetilSoA).

kapiti Synaptic i roto i nga kiriuhi tūpāpaku me presynaptic

I roto i te rerekē te rahi synapses o te āputa rerekē. Tēnei wāhi ki tonu i te wai interstitial, i roto i nei i reira ko te takawaenga. hipokina kiriuhi Postsynaptic te wahi o te whakapā atu ki te mutunga karere i roto i te synapse mionevralnom pūtau innervated. I roto i etahi synapses i roto i te membrane postsynaptic hanga korukoru wāhi whakapā nui ake.

matū atu ngā i roto i te membrane postsynaptic

I roto i te rohe o te membrane postsynaptic kei te kai e whai ake nei:

- receptor (acetylcholine receptor i roto i mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (he faitatau tiketike ki acetylcholine). Tenei pūmua Ko reira mutunga electrophilic me matenga katote. tomo Head ki te kapiti synaptic, he pāhekoheko ki te matenga cationic o acetylcholine. No te mea o tenei pāhekoheko ko te huringa i roto i te depolarization membrane postsynaptic ka puta, a ka whakakitea pea ti'aturi Na-takere. e kore te Depolarization o te membrane whakaaro rite te tukanga whaiaro-whakapakari;

- Gradualen tona pümanawa i runga i te membrane postsynaptic tei runga i te maha o kaitakawaenga, te āhuatanga e te e te pūmanawa rawa o excitations rohe.

- Cholinesterase - whakaaro ki te waiho i te pūmua e kua te mahi enzymatic. E ai ki te hanganga he rite ki te Matuorakouawai receptor reira me whai āhuatanga rite ki acetylcholine. Cholinesterase wawahi iho acetylcholine, tetahi tuatahi e pā e te ki receptors cholinergic. I raro i te mahi o te receptor acetylcholine tango i esterase acetylcholine i hanga repolarization o te membrane postsynaptic. Acetylcholine piri ki Matuorakouawai me te waikawa ahetiki tika mō te uaua kiko trophism.

Ki te whakaaturia te waka whaimana i runga i te Matuorakouawai membrane presynaptic, kua whakamahia te reira ki te synthesize te neurotransmitter hou. I raro i te mana o te huringa neurotransmitter i te uruhanga o te membrane postsynaptic, me te tūtohutanga cholinesterase me hoki uruhanga ki te uara tuatahi. E taea e ki te taunekeneke ki te kaitakawaenga hou Chemoreceptors.