Tikanga-kume o te tātari: ariā, momo me ngā āhuatanga

He aha e nga āhuatanga wehe o te tikanga āhuatanga e te tātari-kume? Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou tona āhua me ngā momo.

pū

hāngai ana tikanga-kume i runga i te tātaritanga o te ture o te atawhai o papatipu matū, me te hanganga tamau. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua hāngai te reira i runga i tika inenga papatipu o te wae e hiahiatia ana, i whiwhi nei te rite te pūhui ki te hanganga matū mohiotia. Kei te wehea tikanga tātari-kume ki ngā rōpū matua e toru: Māturu, tangohanga, rerenga.

Ko te tikanga o te taratahi

Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te tangohanga o te wāhanga matū analyte rapu i roto i te āhua noa, me ona muri pau taimaha. Hei tauira, he tikanga-kume mo te tātari ine taea ki te whakatau i te ihirangi taimaha o pungarehu i roto i te wahie mārō. paunatia hoki nga tātai para, ngingihatia tauira o te wahie reira, i paunatia te pungarehu hua. Ki te taimaha o te toenga, te whakamahi i te tātai hautanga papatipu o te taonga taupū ine tātai i roto i te ranunga.

Māturu

Tenei tikanga o te tātaritanga - te ihirangi-kume, rite tātai tā oti tango o te wāhanga rite te pūhui haurehu waihā me te muri kotahi o te toenga totoka. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakatau i te ihirangi makuku o ngā rauemi, tātai ihirangi ine i roto i te wai karaihe o te whātioatanga. Hei te mahi i te tātai taua, te tīmatanga whakatau te papatipu o te rauemi tauira whakaaro whiriwhiria. Na tino pana atu i reira wae tautuhia. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i te taimaha i mua i te whakamaroke calcination ranei me i muri i te papatipu, ko te moiety matū detectable. kawea E ai ki te tātai o te hautanga papatipu i roto i ngā tātai ine.

Technique waipara

He aha te mea tenei tikanga o te tātari? hāngai ana tikanga waipara-kume i runga i te rerenga ine o te katote hiahiatia rite te taonga torutoru wairewa ki te hanganga matū motuhake. I tātari te hohenga hua, horoia, maroke me ka calcined. I muri oti tango o te wai paunatia reira. E matau te papatipu o te hohenga, ka taea e tātai te ihirangi ine i roto i te tauira o ngā rāpoi ngota ranei katote o te wae e hiahiatia ana.

Whakaritenga mō te rerenga i roto i te tātari-kume

Na ano - he aha te tikanga tātari-kume? ngā mahi Basic i roto i te tikanga e pā ana ki te waipara o tukanga rerenga. Te tika whiwhi i roto i te hua tātaritanga ko tika ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga matū o te taonga, te viivii ore hanganga hohenga. I tua atu, i te tātai hono ki te whanonga keke i roto i whakamaroke me te calcining. Tino maha he huringa i roto i te hanganga matū o te Koinei hua i roto i tona calcining. Whakatakotoria he puka huaina te hanganga matū o te hohenga hua.

tikanga taketake ngā tātari-kume ki te whiwhi i tētahi hua tika. Ko te aha ki te mahara me te āhua o te waipara takoto me te whakatau etahi whakaritenga.

1. kia whai te reira i te memehatanga iti, a tano - hei pūhui matū rewa.
2. Me hanga te reira i tioata nui. I roto i tenei take kahore he raruraru i roto i te tukanga filtration, no te mea kahore ratou e Toke te kōputaputa. I roto i te tioata nui o mata iti, kua adsorbed ratou i te tere iti o te otinga ngā, e mea ohie ki te horoi. ngā rerenga amorphous o waihā rino (3) Ko te poke adsorbed kahore raruraru, e uaua ana ki te horoi i te muri ratou, tātari tenei pūhui he puhoi.
3. Mutu me i roto i te wā wa poto haere ki roto i te puka o te mahara.

Ko te whakaritenga mo te ahua o tō

Kia tātari tatou te tikanga-kume o tātari. Ko te ngako o te tikanga - e ko te reira tika nui. kia puka-kume kia tautuhia e te tātai matū e whakamahia ana ki te tātai i te ihirangi o ngā wāhanga motuhake o te tauira. Te hohenga calcined i roto i te meangiti me taimaha ngā tukanga e kore e mimiti kohu wai i te rangi, ranei ki te ora oxidized. Ki te he āhuatanga tinana rite Koinei, i tahuri tuatahi reira ki te puka pūmau, mā te whakamahi i ngā matū motuhake. Hei tauira, ki te tātai i te hautanga papatipu o te konupūmā pākawa waro i roto i te rauemi, te hanga konupūmā-kume waikura taea o te ngongo te hauhā me te wai, kua tahuri ki te konupūmā pākawa ngāwhā. Ki tenei hohenga calcined tukinotia te ki te waikawa pungatara, te haapa'oraa i te tikanga pāmahana (500 ° C).

Oko mō te rangahau

He aha e hiahia ana koe ki te kawe i roto i te tikanga taua o tātari? ahua-kume whai wāhi te whakamahi o oko matū motuhake o ngā āhuatanga nui. whakamahia Here kapu angiangi-taiepa o te rahi rerekē, kōrere, rakau karaihe, karaihe haora, crucibles porcelain, pouaka karaihe. -Kume, me ngā tikanga tātari titrimetric whai wāhi te whakamahi o anake ngā pokekore ki te karo i tetahi hapa i roto i ngā tātaitanga. wahi maroke pata ranei tohu te aroaro i runga i te mata karaihe o nga wae ngako. ka piri whakauruhi ki tenei paparanga, hua i roto i uaua tonu whakawhiti ratou ki te tātari. Tikanga o te tikanga-kume tā teretere taputapu tupato. Ki te horoi i te crucibles porcelain whakamahia wera te waikawameha pūmāota, ka he ranunga o te otinga chromic. He mea tika ki te tīmata mura mahi he ipu ma.

Taputapu mō te tūhuratanga

He aha titore te tikanga-kume o tātari? Ko te ngako o te tikanga - i roto i te faaotiraa ine o ngā wāhanga i roto i te rauemi. Ko te taputapu e ka kia hiahiatia hoki taua rangahau, rite ki te mea kua whakamahia i roto i te tātari kounga. Hoki ngā wāhanga mahi e hiahiatia ana te wai pati, tapatoru porcelain, oumu, kuku para, fakalongolongoi oumu, tahu hau. Hoki calcination i roto i tahu hau porcelain crucibles tapatoru e whakamahia, i hanga o korere porcelain whakatokia ki runga ki te tïpako whakarewa. Whiriwhiria te tapatoru o tenei rahi ki te protrudes para i te teitei tuatoru. Crucibles whakaurua ki roto ki te oumu te whakamahi i Kuku roa he papatahi, pito upwardly kōpiko. e kore kia rumakina ratou i roto i te Koinei ka. I mua ki te tono o nga pito o Kuku pure, calcined i roto i te pūwera hau oumu ranei. Desiccators whakamahia mō te meangiti i te matū calcined wera ranei ki te pāmahana rūma. Ko te oko karaihe matotoru-taiepa katia nei te whenua-taupoki. ki tonu te wahi o raro o te desiccator te ki te taonga hygroscopic:

• mongamonga o te konupūmā waikura;
• ūkuikui waikura (5);
• te waikawa pungatara kukū.

absorbs waikawa pungatara makuku. Mahi ki te desiccator, he mea nui ki te āta whakarite i te nga wahi i runga i te whenua-ko te apa o te hinu.

Ture mō te tīpako whakamātau

whakarōpū whakaaro tikanga tātari-kume ngā mahi ki te matū. Central whakaaro he tauira taua, e kei te nui iti o te rauemi analyte he āhuatanga matū, me te tinana motuhake ki te puranga matua. Ko te tika o te tīpako pānga te tātarihia te tika o te tāutanga o te matū me ngā āhuatanga tinana, me te hanganga matū o te rauemi. Ka tīpako i te tauira toharite ki te tiaki nui, te kore he tūponotanga nui o ngā hapa, hua whakamātautau hē. Me mahara te reira e kia rerekē tamâraa nui o te hanganga matū materia i te puehu. Na reira i reira e toru ngā kōwhiringa:

• tauira tuatahi - te hiahiatia ana mo te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakamātau;
• uruwhenua taiwhanga ranei tauira - whiwhi e te whakaiti i te taimaha tuatahi o te tauira ki te e hiahia mo te tātari matū me te physico-aunoa;
• tātari - tangohia te i te tauira taiwhanga mō tātari matū.

He he he wāhanga rite matū tātari. tikanga tātari-kume, ko te kotahi ara o te haamauraa i te hanganga ine o te mea. I roto i te tikanga ki te ārai i ngā huringa i roto i te haumākū hanganga matū o mea ranei, kei te rauemi mō te tātari-kume rongoa i roto i te pounamu taimaha, piri hiri tapo'io te. Wāhanga o te tauira e hiahiatia ana mo te tātari tika me te wahi e noho i roto i te rāhui.

Te faaineineraa o te tauira mō te rangahau

Ara tauira tātari iti papatipu analyte tauira whakaaro paunatia e te mo te tātari matū. He wāhi nui i roto i quantifying te uara o te tauira whakaari. Ko te nui tangohia te nui o tauira whakamātautau te mo te tātari-kume, i whiwhi ai te tika atu te hua. Ko tenei fakafaingata'a'ia'i te tukanga filtration hua hohenga, calcining reira, horoi. Hoki enei take, tino roa te wa o te tātari. I roto i te pauna tauira iti te tino heke tika o te faaotiraa. Hei te mahi wā kotahi o totoka, te whakamahi i mōhiti mataaratanga iti. ki te paunatia ahua taonga, hygroscopic i roto i te pounamu taimaha kati.

tikanga waipara

Hoki māramatanga o te rauemi i whakaaturanga pai kua pai haere mai. tikanga tātari-kume i tenei wā tā te whakawhiti ine o te wae e hiahiatia ana i roto i te matū ngā. E matau te papatipu o te hohenga, he reira taea ki te tātai i te ōrau o te wāhanga ki te kia takoto. Ko te faaoti o rerenga he tika ti'aturi i runga i te tika o te tātari. I roto i te take e tika ana ki nei e te hohenga ka kore katoa o te wae tātai, kia whakahua rerenga pahara. Ko reira whakaritea taea ki te whakatutuki i ngā rerenga tino, anake e taea te heke ki te parekura taea mōkito. Hoki te tātaritanga o te precipitator tīpakohia - tata hohenga rewa. Kei te mau ia i roto i te taikaha, i roto i te tikanga ki te karo i ēnei tauhohe matū. He etahi tikanga e me tutaki kia ki te whiwhi i te hohenga tioata:

• rerenga i rongoā memeha o rongoā ngoikore kawea precipitator;
• rongoā wera whakatakotoria precipitators wera.

Hoki te whakamātautau, tīpakohia katote kaiwhakahohe-kounga tiketike ki fakapapau'i. He uaua ki te whiriwhiri takoto te precipitant ngā te hoki ia katote. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kawea rėpene te i aua matūriki e kia arai waipara tonu tango ratou i te otinga tauira ranei ki te mahi i tātari ine.

Tata taea ki te kitea precipitators motuhake mō katote tautuhi katoa. Na ka ko reira e tika ana ki te tono rėpene katote arai waipara ranei, ki te wehe i a ratou i te otinga i mua ki te rerenga ranei. E matau e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te karaihe rerenga, he reira taea ki te whakamahi i te tikanga e paingia i te hanganga o te tioata nui.

1. Kei te Nā i te precipitant rongoā wera diluted, tangohia i roto i te kukū iti. A, no te tahu, te nui haere te memehatanga o te tioata iti, na kua neke ake te kukū o te precipitant me ngā katote i roto i te wairewa. Nā ki tenei āhuatanga, tioata nui i hanga e rahua ki memeha ka hana.
2. Ringihia precipitator ki te tāutu i matū ki te auau iti. Whakamahia mō te ranu i te tokotoko karaihe, e kore e pa ki te taiepa raro me te pupuha. Ki te faaururaa, whakaongaongatia te tupu karaihe e rite maha heke o ngā wāhi o te tioata.
3. tu Keke mō ētahi hāora. whakatakotoria nga tīwharawhara amorphous i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake, mai e pängia ana ki te tukanga adsorption ngā poke ratou, me te ahua o rongoā colloidal.

Raruraru tātari-kume

Ko te tika o tātaitanga ine pā kounga parataiao. I tona inenga contamination te tino heke tika, nga piki hapa. Ko te take mō te poke, ko te tahi-rerenga, e ko te rerenga o ngā matū ke. E rua ngā momo o te tahi-rerenga:

• adsorption mata;
• Occlusion.

Hei tirohia te faaoti o te rere rerenga katote tāpiri i te tahi pata o te kaiwhakahohe ki te otinga i hanga te runga ake te waipara. I rere tonu i o te otinga waipara katote ka noho mārama.

mutunga

tātari kounga tā te faaotiraa ine o ngā katote pararopi i roto i te rauemi. Ko te whāinga matua whakaaro tātaritanga kounga o te kite tauira tīpakohia me te tāutu o ngā wāhanga motuhake, ranei katote o ngā huānga matū, he taonga motuhake ranei rōpū mahi. tikanga hautanga o te tātaritanga mo te ako o ngā ranunga ohie, ka rapu hoki te maha iti o ngā wāhanga. Hoki taua tātari-kume titau tauira motuhake, me te nui iti o tauhohe kounga. Hei tino tāutu te taonga whakamātautau i roto i te wāhanga pararopi, te ranunga tuatahi tuatahi wehea ki takitahi "rōpū tātari", ka ki te awhina o tauhohe motuhake tuwhera ia katote e hiahiatia ana. Nahanaha tātari kounga taea ki te whakapiki ake i te tika o te raraunga tātari. I mua i eke i runga i te tātaritanga ine, he mea nui ki a Met whakaaro o te kounga o te tauira whakamātautau, ki te tīpako i te tikanga tino pai.