Tikanga o te pūmanawa whakamātautau me whakatairite ratou. tikanga whakamātautau o "pouaka pango" whakamātautau me te tikanga o "pouaka ma"

pūmanawa whakamātautau (SW) tautuhi āputa, ngaahi tōnounoú me hapa i roto i te waehere e hiahia ki te kia whakatutuki. taea hoki te tautuhi te reira rite te tukanga o te arotake i te taumahinga me tika o te pūmanawa ki te awhina o te tātari. tikanga Basic o tuitui me te whakamātautau o te tono pūmanawa, me te whakarite te kounga, ko te ki te whakamatautau i te whakatakotoranga, hoahoa me te waehere, te aromatawai tika, te whakamanatanga, me te whakaū.

tikanga

Ko te whakaaro matua o te whakamātautau pūmanawa - haamauraa o te kounga o te pūnaha pūmanawa i roto i tono patuiro nahanaha i raro i ngā āhuatanga āta te mana ki te whakatau i to ratou kakató me tika, me te te rapunga o ngā hapa huna.

Ko te tikanga o te whakaū (whakamātautau) hōtaka taea te wehea ki hikohiko me te hihiri.

ngā te mua ōpaki, aroturuki me te arotake hangarau, tirohanga, taahiraa i te tātari taahiraa, kaute, me te pateko tātari rere raraunga me te whakahaere.

tikanga Dynamic he:

1. whakamātautau pouaka White. Ko te ako taipitopito o te arorau ā-me te hanganga o te hōtaka tenei. E mea titauhia ki te matauranga o te waehere pūtake.
2. whakamātautau pouaka Black. e kore e tenei tikanga rapua e tetahi mōhiotanga e pā ana ki te mahi i roto o te tono. whakaaro tatou anake nga āhuatanga taketake o te pūnaha, e kore e pā ana ki e pā ana ki te torutoru o tona hanganga arorau ā-ranei.
3. tikanga pouaka hina. fakatahai reira e rua ngā huarahi o mua. ngā Patuirotanga ki iti matauranga o te mahi ā-o te tono i te mohio o nga āhuatanga taketake o te pūnaha.

whakamātautau mārama

Ko te ma hōtuhi whakamātautau tikanga pouaka mā te whakamahi i te whakahaere hanganga o te hoahoa ngā. taea ana tēnei tikanga ki te whakakitea hapa whakatinanatanga, pērā i te pūnaha waehere whakahaere rawakore mā te tātari i te wahi o nga mahi i roto o te pūmanawa. E hāngai ana ki te tuitui, kōwae me te pūnaha taumata enei tikanga whakamātautau. Me whai wāhi ki te waehere pūtake te hei whakamatau me te whakamahi i te reira ki te kitea i roto i nei kōwae whakatoatoa hē.

He nga painga e whai ake whakamatautau hōtaka e ma-pouaka:

• āhei te reira ki te kitea he hapa i roto i te waehere ngaro mā te tango i ngā rārangi faufaa;
• te whakamahi o te taha-pānga;
• tutuki kapinga mōrahi e tuhi i te hōtuhi whakamātautau.

huakore:

• tukanga nui-utu, tono kaipatuiro mohio;
• noho unexplored maha huarahi no te mea he tino matatini Taki tino o hapa huna katoa taea;
• ka etahi o te waehere e haere hia.

Kei te te tahi mau taime whakamātautau pouaka White tuku ki na whakamatautau i te pouaka mārama tuwhera ranei, hanganga, whakamātautau arorau, e hāngai ana i runga i te waehere pūtake, me arorau hoahoanga.

Ko nga momo matua:

1) whakamatautau te mana rere - rautaki hanganga whakamahi i te tauira mana hōtaka rere, me te rite kanohi huarahi atu ohie ki iti matatini atu;

2) hangaia te manga te ki ako patuiro ia kōwhiringa (pono teka ranei) o ia operator mana, hoki e ngā he otinga ngā;

3) whakamātautau o te ara matua, e taea ai te ia hei whakamatau ki te whakatū i mehua whīwhiwhi arorau kaupapa ngā mō te faatea ia he huinga turanga o ara mahia;

4) te taki i te awa raraunga - te rautaki mana rere o rangahau i nga tuhipoka tatau mōhiohio e pā ana ki te pānuitanga me te whakamahi i te taurangi hōtaka;

5) huringa o whakamātautau - tino arotahi i runga i te mahi tika o ngā tukanga huringa.

patuiro whanonga

whakamātautau pouaka Black akono te pūmanawa rite te "pouaka pango" - e kore e kōrero e pā ana ki te mahi i roto o te hōtaka kiia, a tirohia anake nga āhuatanga taketake o te pūnaha. I roto i tenei take, me ki mohio te hoahoanga pūnaha kahore te uru ki te waehere pūtake te hei whakamatau.

Painga o tenei huarahi:

• kakama mō te wāhanga waehere nui;
• noho o te tirohanga hei whakamatau;
• Kei te mārama wehea tirohanga kaiwhakamahi i te tirohanga kaiwhakawhanake (kaihātepe me ia hei whakamatau e motuhake o ia atu);
• atu hanganga tere o te whakamātautau.

He te huakore e whai ake pūmanawa whakamātautau tikanga pouaka pango:

• pono whakamana he maha tīpako o take whakamātautau, hua i roto i iti kapinga;
• kore o te mārama whakatakotoranga uaua ki te whakawhanake i ngā hōtuhi whakamātautau;
• kakama iti.

Ētahi atu ingoa mō tenei hangarau - whanonga, kore-mārama, te whakamātau mahi me te tikanga patuiro o te pouaka kati.

Tenei kāwai kia ngā te tikanga whakamātautau pūmanawa e whai ake nei:

1) ōrite ki te arai, e taea te whakaiti i te huinga o ngā raraunga whakamātautau rite kōwae pūmanawa tāuru raraunga kua pakaru iho ki nga wahi motuhake;

2) E hāngai ana tātari uara rohe i runga i te whakaū o rohe ranei uara rohe tino - te iti, mōrahi, me ngā uara angamaheni o hapa;

3) fuzzing - whakamahia ki te whakatinana i te rapu i te inputting hapa poluiskazhennyh raraunga kino i roto i te aratau aunoa ranei āhua-aunoa ranei;

4) kaute o causality - he tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te hanganga o kauwhata, me te whakatau i te hononga i waenganui i te mahi me ona take: tuakiri, kāore, arorau RĀNEI me arorau AND - te pūāhua matua wha, te faaite i te hononga i waenganui i te take me te pānga;

5) tono manatokonga o ngā huānga poutū Ki raruraru ki te wāhi tāuru āhua iti rawa te taea o te rangahau ngaio;

6) whakamatautau takirua katoa - he tikanga i reira he huinga o ngā uara whakamātautau Kei roto taea ngā ā-rua katoa o ia rua o ngā tawhā tāuru;

7) whakawhitinga kāwanatanga patuiro - he tikanga whai hua mō te arowhai i te mana o te mīhini, me te ki te whakatere i roto i te gui kaiwhakamahi.

whakamātautau pouaka Black: Tauira

hāngai mangu-pouaka technique te i runga i nga ngā, tuhinga, me ngā whakamārama o te atanga pūmanawa pūnaha ranei. I tua atu, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā tauira (ōkawa ōpaki ranei), e tohu ana i te whanonga e tūmanakohia o te pūmanawa.

Tikanga, Kei te whakamahia tenei tikanga mō te patuiro atanga kaiwhakamahi, me te titau taunekeneke ki te tono i te whakauru i te kohinga raraunga me te hua - i te mata, i te pūrongo nene'ie ranei.

Te hei whakamatau, Na, pāhekoheko me te pūmanawa mā te inputting, na mahi i runga i te whakakā, pātene atu atanga ranei. Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā raraunga tāuru, te tikanga o te whakahaere raupapa o ngā mahi ranei e taea te arahi ki te maha katoa nui o ngā, rite whakaaturia i roto i te tauira e whai ake nei.

Kia pehea te maha whakamātautau Me ki kia i roto i te tikanga ki te tirohia i te uara ka taea katoa hoki te haki 4 matapihi me te mara kotahi-atu, whakaturia te wa i roto i hēkona? I te tātai titiro tuatahi he kuware: 4 mara ki āhua e rua ka taea - 24 = 16, e me whakanuia e te maha o ngā tūranga ka taea i 00 ki te 99, i.e. 1600 whakamātautau taea.

Heoi, ko te he tenei tātai: Ka taea e tatou e te whakatau e taea hoki i roto i te mara e rua-ira he wāhi, arā ngā reira o tūranga ārepa rua a taea ngā pūāhua ārepa, pūāhua motuhake, ngā wāhi, me ētahi atu kupu, ki te .... pūnaha ko te rorohiko moka-16, tahuri 216 = 65536 kotahi mo ia tūranga i roto i te hua take whakamātautau 4294967296 e he ki kia whakanuia e 16 ngā o haki e homai he katoa o 68,719,476 736. ki te mahi ratou i 1 whakamātautau ia te rua, te pānui katoa whakamātautau olzhitelnost Ko 2 177.5 tau. Hoki ngā pūnaha moka-64 32 ranei, te roanga noa atu.

Na reira i reira ko te hiahia ki te whakaiti i tenei wā ki te taumata e manakohia. Ko te kupu, kia tono nga tikanga ki te whakaiti i te maha o ngā take whakamātautau i waho te whakaiti i te hōkai o te whakamātautau.

ōritenga wawahi

Ko te arai ōrite ko te tikanga ohie e he hāngai hoki tetahi taurangi katoa e kitea i roto i te pūmanawa, ahakoa tāuru putanga ranei uara, tohu, tau, me ētahi atu. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te parau tumu e ka nga raraunga katoa i tetahi ōrite o te arai e tukinotia te ara ano me i te taua tohutohu.

I roto i te whakamātautau, i tīpakohia kotahi fakafofonga o ia arai ōrite ngā. Tenei taea ki a koe te whakaiti i pūnahanaha te maha o ngā take whakamātautau taea kahore mate o kapinga o whakahau me mahi.

Ko tētahi atu putanga o tenei wawahi ko ki te whakaiti i te pahūtanga combinatorial i waenganui i nga taurangi rerekē me te whakaiti e pā ana o ngā take whakamātautau.

Hei tauira, i roto i (1 / x) ^1/2 te whakamahi i toru raupapa raraunga, e toru tataitia ōrite:

Ka kia tukinotia 1. tau pai katoa i roto i te ara ano, a kia hoatu hua tika.

E whawha 2. tau kino katoa i roto i te ara ano ki te hua taua. Ko te hē tenei, no te mea he pohewa te pakiaka o te tau tōraro.

3. Kore Ka kia whawha motuhake, ka hoatu i te hapa "wehenga i te kore". Ko te wāhanga ki te uara kotahi tenei.

Ko te kupu, e kite tatou e toru ngā wāhanga motuhake, tetahi o nei heke te ki te uara kotahi. He he kotahi wāhanga "tika", e homai hua pono, me rua "he" ki hua hē.

tātari uara rohe

Tukatuka i runga i nga rohe o te wawahi ōrite taea te mahi rerekē atu i tūmanakohia. Investigation o uara rohe - he tikanga o te tātari i te whanonga o te pūmanawa i roto i taua wāhi pai-mohiotia. hanga ana tēnei tikanga taea reira ki te tautuhi i taua hapa:

• whakamahi tano ore o ngā tūhonohono (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤);
• hapa kotahi;
• raruraru i roto i te huringa me te tāruarua,
• momo he rahi o taurangi whakamahia mō te rokiroki kōrero ranei;
• whāititanga horihori e pā ana ki ngā momo raraunga me taurangi.

whakamātautau translucent

faarahi tikanga pouaka hina te rohe whakamātautau, ka taea e koe te arotahi ki runga i nga taumata uaua katoa o te pūnaha i roto i te huinga o ngā rautaki pango me te ma.

Mā te tenei tikanga, kia whai mōhiotanga o ngā hanganga raraunga ā-me hātepe te ia hei whakamatau mo te whanaketanga o ngā uara whakamātautau. Tauira o ngā tikanga whakamātautau hina-pouaka e whai ake nei:

• tauira hoahoanga;
• Uouangataha Whakatauira Reo (UML);
• tauira kāwanatanga (mīhini kāwanatanga fakataimí).

I roto i te tikanga o te pouaka hina ki te whakawhanake i ngā take whakamātau ako kōwae i roto i waehere ma engineering, ka whakamana i te whakamātautau tūturu i runga i te atanga o te hōtaka hangarau mangu.

Ēnei tikanga whakamatautau i nga painga e whai ake nei:

• huinga o ngā painga pouaka ma, me te pango kaitoi;
• hāngai hei whakamatau te i runga i te atanga, me te whakatakotoranga mahi, a kihai te waehere pūtake;
• Ka taea e kaipatuiro hanga take whakamātautau nui;
• Kei te hanga Taki i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te kaiwhakamahi, kore te kaihoahoa o te hōtaka;
• waihanga whanaketanga whakamātautau ritenga;
• objectivity.

huakore:

• iti kapinga whakamātautau kei no reira he kore whai wāhi ki te waehere pūtake;
• te matatini o te kohakore i roto i tono tohaina;
• maha ara noho unexplored;
• ki te mea kua whakarewahia te kaiwhakawhanake pūmanawa te whakamātautau, ka kia kia nui atu tūhuratanga.

Tētahi atu ingoa mō te tikanga pouaka hina - patuiro translucent.

Tenei kāwai ngā taua tikanga o te whakamātau:

1) ngohi poutū - te whakamahi o te huinga o ngā taea katoa;

2) kopu patuiro te whakamahi i te āhua o te raraunga hōtaka;

3) te tirohanga whakaheke whakahaere i te huringa hou ki te pūmanawa;

4) whakamātautau tātauira e tātari te hoahoa me te hoahoanga o te tono pai.

Whakatauritenga o ngā tūāhua whakamātautau pūmanawa

Ko te whakamahi o tikanga hihiri arata'i ki te pahūtanga combinatorial o te maha o nga whakamātautau e hiahia ki te kia whakawhanakehia, whakatinana me te kawea ki waho. kia whakamahia katoa tikanga pragmatically, tango ona whāititanga ki pūkete.

Ko te tikanga pono anake e kore e tīariari, i reira ko te hunga e e pai hāngai ki te horopaki motuhake anake. engineering Structural tukua ki te kitea tatou i te waehere huakore kino ranei, engari he matatini ratou, a e kore e hāngai ki ngā hōtaka nui. Methods i runga i nga ngā - i te mea anake e e taea ki te tāutu i te waehere ngaro, otiia e kore ratou e taea e te tautuhi i te manene. He pai ake mo te ngā taumata whakamātautau, momo hapa horopaki ranei atu i ētahi atu ētahi tikanga.

Kei raro ko nga rerekētanga matua i waenganui i nga tikanga e toru whakamātautau hihiri - kua homai he tepu rite i waenganui i nga momo e toru o patuiro pūmanawa.

āhuatanga	Ko te tikanga pouaka pango	tikanga pouaka Grey	tikanga White-pouaka
Wātea o ngā mōhiohio i runga i te hanganga o te hōtaka	Titiro anake nga āhuatanga taketake o	mōhiotanga Motunga e pā ana ki te hanganga ā-o te hōtaka	uru tonu ki te waehere pūtake
Tohu o wehewehenga o te hōtaka	iti	Central	tiketike
Ko wai hua patuiro?	Whakamutua kaiwhakamahi, testers me ngā	Whakamutua kaiwhakamahi, ngā me debuggers	Developers me testers
turanga	hāngai ana whakamātautau kei i runga i te āhuatanga whawhati tata waho.	Hoahoa pātengi raraunga, hoahoa rere raraunga, āhua o te matauranga ā-o te hātepe me te hoahoanga	Ko tino mōhio te pūrere ā-
Ko te tohu o te kapinga	Iti whānui, me te titau i te iti rawa o te wā	Central	Pea te whānui tino. Wā-kai
Raraunga me rohe ā-	Patuiro anake i te tamataraa, me te hapa	Ka taea te takina nga rohe raraunga me rohe ā, ki te e mohiotia e ratou	Ko te pai rohe raraunga whakamātautau me rohe ā-
Hātepe whakamātautau pai	No	No	Ae

aunoatanga

tikanga Aunoa o whakamātautau pūmanawa kei te nui faaohie te tukanga o te tirohanga, ahakoa o te taiao hangarau me te horopaki o te. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te wā e rua:

1) ki te whakaaunoa te whakaware, hokihoki hu'ahu'a ranei mahi pērā i whakarite kōnae ki te maha mano rarangi i roto i te tikanga ki te tuku i te wā mō te kukū o te ia hei whakamatau ngā nui ake;

2) mo e mahi aroturuki mahi e kore e taea te ngāwari whakamana e te iwi pērā i mahi whakaū tātari wa whakautu ranei e taea ana te ruri i roto i te haurau o te tuarua ranei.

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia taputapu Test i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. hāngai ana te wehenga i muri i runga i te mahi tautoko ratou:

• whakahaere whakamātautau, e ngā tautoko kaupapa whakahaere, putanga, whirihoranga, tātari mōrea, aroturuki whakamātautau, hapa, melé, me taputapu pūrongo;
• whakahaere ngā whakaritenga, e ngā whakaritenga rokiroki me ngā, tirohia ratou mo te kakató me te rangirua, o ratou matua me te traceability o ia whakamātautau;
• arotake tino me te tātari pateko, tae atu aroturuki rere, me ngā mahi, te tuhi me te rokiroki o ngā kōrero, kite koha me te whakaritea ngā hononga whakahaere faatanoraa ki rārangi arowhai me ngā ture, aroturuki tuhinga pūtake kōrero me te waehere tātari pateko ki te kitea hē, te whakarite tautukunga ki te paerewa o te waehere tuhituhi, tātari o ngā hanganga me pararau, tātaitanga o te tawhā ngahuru o te waehere me te hoahoanga. I tua atu, te whakamahi i compilers, analyzers, generators me whanaunga o ripeka-tohutoro;
• whakatauira, e ngā taputapu mō te whanonga pakihi whakatauira, me te whakamatautau i te tauira;
• whakarite whanaketanga whakamātautau te whakatupuranga o raraunga tūmanakohia i runga i te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga me ngā tauira atanga kaiwhakamahi me te waehere, te whakahaere ki te waihanga whakarerekē kōnae me pātengi, karere, whāmanatanga raraunga i runga i te pūtake o te tikanga o te whakahaere, te tātaritanga tauanga o nga tikanga me tūponotanga ranei;
• he tirohanga tino na roto i te tomo i te raraunga i roto i te atanga kaiwhakamahi, API, raina whakahau kauwhata whakamahi comparators ki te āwhina te tāutu whakamātautau angitu, me te kāore;
• taiao patuiro tautoko e taea ai e koe te whakakapi i te pūmārō ngaro pūmanawa ranei, i roto i te Vol. h. taputapu Simulation i runga i te huinga fakapapau'i putanga, Hōrite kāpeka, waea pūkoro me te taputapu whatunga, te taiao mō te arowhai i ngā reo, ngā pūnaha whakahaere me te taputapu mā te whakakapi i te taata faahoro wāhanga ngaro, rūpahu kōwae, me ētahi atu, me te taputapu mō te hopu me te whakarerekē i te OS tono te PTM whaihanga fakangatangata, RAM, ROM, whatunga ranei .;
• .. He rite o ngā kōnae raraunga, pātengi, tirohia te hua e tūmanakohia ana i roto i a muri he oti, me ngā hihiri te whakamātautau me te puranga whakarite, Aunoa "kupu";
• pani inenga mo te localization o ngā turuturu mahara me te pūnaha tata tona whanonga mana hē i raro i whakataruna tono kawenga whakaputa kawenga, pātengi raraunga, whatunga ranei tūmau i roto i te tauira e kiko o te tupu mo ine, te tātari, me te whakaū o te pūrongo ngā rauemi pūnaha;
• haumarutanga;
• mahi whakamātautau, kawenga me te tātari hihiri;
• atu taputapu, i roto i te Vol. h. ki tirohia te takikupu me wetereo, haumaru whatunga, te wātea o ngā whārangi paetukutuku katoa me ētahi atu.

tirohanga

Ki te huri ngā i roto i te ahumahi pūmanawa, he kaupapa ki te huri i hoki te tukanga o te patuiro. He tikanga hou o te whakamātautau pūmanawa, pērā i te hoahoanga ratonga-orientirovannae (soa), hangarau ahokore, ratonga pūkoro, a na i runga i. E., Kua whakatuwheratia ake ara hou o te pūmanawa whakamātautau. E whakarārangitia ētahi o nga huringa e kua tūmanakohia i te ahumahi i runga i nga tau i muri torutoru i raro:

• Ka whakarato testers he tauira Kōmāmā e ka e taea ki te tirohia koutou waehere ngā;
• whanaketanga o ngā tikanga whakamātautau, tae atu mātakitaki me te whakatauira i ngā hōtaka i te wā wawe, he tokomaha o nga ngā whakahēnga e faaore;
• aroaro o interceptions maha whakamātautau ka whakapoto i te wa o te hapa rapunga;
• analyzer Static me rapunga tikanga ki te whakamahi ake whānui;
• te whakamahi o tāhū, kohuke, pērā i kapinga o te whakatakotoranga, ka whakatau i te hōkai o te tauira me te waehere kapinga te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa;
• taputapu combinatorial tukua testers ki te whakatau i te wāhi matua mō te patuiro;
• Ka whakarato testers he ratonga atu pūmanawa, me te faufaa puta noa i te tukanga whanaketanga pūmanawa;
• Ka taea e debuggers te waihanga taputapu me ngā tikanga whakamātautau pūmanawa tuhituhi i roto i, me te pāhekoheko ki te momo o te reo hōtaka;
• tohunga Patuirotanga ka kia atu aravihi faaineine.

E whakakapi e te tikanga whakamātautau pūmanawa pakihi-hāngai hou, ki te huri i te ara o te pāhekoheko ki te pūnaha, me te mōhiohio whakarato ratou i whakaiti tūponotanga, me te whakanui ake i nga painga o nga huringa pakihi.