Titanium - te whakarewa. āhuatanga Titanium. Whakamahia o Titanium. Māka me te hanganga matū o te Titanium

Te mure ore, ngaro, wāhi, rauemi o te heke mai - enei me maha atu tītaia katoa whakaritea ki nga puna ngā o Titanium. kihai i faufaa ore History o te kitea o tenei whakarewa: i te wa ano i runga i te huānga tuku i roto i te puka parakore mahi e rave rahi pūtaiao. Ko te tukanga o ako nga āhuatanga tinana, me te matū me te whakamāramatanga o tona tono e kore e oti i tenei ra. Titanium - te whakarewa o te heke mai, me tona wahi i roto i te ora tangata e kore ano tino tautuhia, hoatu kairangahau hou te hōkai nui mō te auaha, me te rangahau pūtaiao.

āhuatanga

whakaritea huānga Chemical Titanium (Titanium) i roto i te tohu Periodic Ripanga D. I. Mendeleeva Ti. Kei roto i te rōpū IV Huingaiti taha o te wha o nga wā, a ka kua te tau rangatū 22. He taonga ohie o te Titanium - ma whakarewa me te hiriwa, ono tekau, me te roa. Ko te whirihoranga hiko o te ngota e te hanganga e whai ake nei: +22) 2) 8) 10) 2 , 1s 2s ^{2 2} 3s ^{2 6} 2P 3P 3d ^{6 2 2} 4S. Nā tēnei, he maha ngā āhua hāora taea 2, 3, 4, i roto i te pūhui tino pūmau, he mea tetravalent Titanium.

Titanium - koranu whakarewa ranei?

Ko tenei pātai o te moni ki tokomaha. I 1910, ko kēmihi American Hunter te Titanium parakore tuatahi. Te whakarewa roto% 1 anake o poke, engari he hokiate te nui, me te kore whakamatauria hoatu te taea o te tūhuratanga atu o ona āhuatanga. tutuki te ukanga o tenei rauemi i tolkopod pāmahana teitei, i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa (te pāmahana rūma), ko he pakarukaru rawa te tauira. I roto i te meka, e kore he kaipūtaiao hiahia hoki o ona opuaraa whakamahi whakaaro pahuhu rawa tenei tūemi. Ko te whīwhiwhi o te whiwhi me te tirotiro anō heke te pūmanawa o tona tono. Anake i roto i te 1925, Utaina i te Netherlands J. de Boer me A. van Arkel riro Titanium whakarewa, nga āhuatanga o e kua ngā te aro o Engineers me kaihoahoa puta noa i te ao. haamata te aamu o te ako o tenei huānga ki 1790, ko reira i tenei wa i roto i te whakarara, takitahi o tetahi ki tetahi, ite i rua pūtaiao Titanium rite te huānga matū. Ia o ratou e tango te pūhui (waikura) kaihoko, te oreraa e ora i te whakarewa i roto i te puka parakore. whakaaro Titanium te he pionie o te Ingarihi moke mineralogist William Gregor. I runga i te rohe o tona pāriha, kei roto i te wahi te tonga o Ingarangi, timata i te kuao pūtaiao ako onepu pango Menakena Valley. Ko te hua o ngā ki te autō kua te tohanga o purapura pīataata, e he pūhui Titanium. I te wa ano tāutuhia kēmihi German Martin Heinrich Klaproth te taonga hou i te rutile kohuke. I roto i te 1797, ia whakamatauria hoki e whakarara ki te huānga tuwhera he rite. Titanium hāorarua he neke atu i ko i te rau tau i te mea ngaro Utaina maha ki ki te whiwhi kore i taea whakarewa parakore noa mo Berzelius. hangarau Latest o te rau tau XX nui whakatere te tukanga o te ako o te huānga mea, ka whakatau i te ahunga tuatahi o tona whakamahi. I roto i tenei whānuitanga te whakawhānui tonu. Whakawhāiti i tona whānuitanga taea matatini anake o te tukanga o te whiwhi i te taonga pērā i Titanium parakore. Utu me alloys whakarewa he pai nui, kia kore e taea e teke'i reira te rino tuku iho, me te konumohe ki te rā.

Origin o te ingoa

Menakin - te ingoa tuatahi o te Titanium, i whakamahia tae noa ki 1795. Ko te tika, kia rite ki te hononga rohe, ka karanga te huānga hou W. Gregor. Martin Klaproth vahe huānga i roto i 1797 i te ingoa "Titan". I tenei wa, tona tauira French, ahu e tino mana kēmihi A. L. Lavuaze whakahere ki te karanga i te taonga hou kitea i runga i o ratou āhuatanga taketake. , Tika whakaaro ia pūtaiao Tiamana kihai i whakaae ki tenei huarahi e ko rawa uaua ki te tāutu i te āhuatanga katoa tūturu i roto i te taonga, a ki te whakaata ratou i roto i te taitara te wāhanga kitea. Heoi, kia mohio ki tatou e wā Klaproth tīpakohia-kaiwhakamahi tino hāngai ki te whakarewa - te tamau i te reira haapapû kaipūtaiao hou. E rua ariā matua o te ingoa Titan. taea te tohua Konganuku i te honore o te Titania kuini elven (Pūāhua pūrākau Germanic). tohu ana tēnei ingoa e rua otinga, me te kaihoko kaha. E hinaaro ki te whakamahi o te pūrākau Kariki, i roto i nei huaina nga Titans i nga tama a te atua whenua kaha Gaia nuinga pūtaiao. ta tenei putanga te ingoa o te huānga mua tuwhera - konukarihi.

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua

O nga konganuku, i roto i ngā hangarau o te uara mo te tangata, kī Titanium wha i runga i te whānuitanga o te kirinuku o te whenua. He ōwehenga nui i roto i te natura e āhuatanga anake rino, konupora me te konumohe. Te nuinga ihirangi Titanium tuhia i roto i te ōnewa anga paku iti i roto i tona apa ofa'i. I roto i te vairaa pape, he iti te ihirangi o te taonga - e pā ana ki 0,001 mg / l. Ko te kaha rawa Titanium huānga matū, na i roto i tona puka parakore e taea ki te whakatau. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, he reira i roto i te pūhui ki te hāora reira, a ka kua te honohono, o wha. Tau o ngā kohuke titaniferous rerekē i 63 ki te 75 (i ngā puna), i i te wā nei o te rangahau, tonu pūtaiao ki te kitea e puka hou o pūhui. Hoki te whakamahi mahi, ko te nui tino te kohuke e whai ake nei:

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO _3).
2. Rutile (tio _2).
3. Titanite (CaTiSiO _5).
4. Perovskite (CaTiO _3).
5. Titanomagnetite (FeTiO ₃ + Fe ₃ E ₄₎ me te t. D.

Kei te wehea katoa ore titaniferous ngā ki taketake, me te parawai. Tenei huānga he manene ngoikore, e taea anake haere te reira i roto i te kohatu wa ranei neke toka parahua raro. I roto i te ao koiora, te nui rahi o te Titanium roto i te pükohu. Ko te māngai o te kararehe huānga fakatelesitialé piki i nga kopa o te haona, makawe. Hoki te āhuatanga tangata tinana o te Titanium reira i roto i te kōateate, nga repe adrenal, ewe, thyroid repe.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Titanium - maitai ferrous he tae hiriwa-ma, rite maitai. I te pāmahana o 0 ⁰ C te kiato o 4,517 g / cm ^3. Ko te rawa he papatipu waiariki iti, i te mea huru o konganuku alkali (cadmium, konutai, lithium, caesium). ni'ai Kiato Titanium he tūranga takawaenga i waenganui i te rino, me te konumohe, i te mea kei runga ake i taua o huānga e rua ona mahi. Ko te āhuatanga matua o ngā konganuku, e kua whakaaro i roto i te whakatau i te hōkai o tona tono ko te tukua te kaha , me te pakeke. Titanium konumohe kaha i 12 nga wa, rino, me te parahi - 4 wa, i te mea kei reira tino māmā. Ko te ukanga o te taonga parakore me ona rohe tukua tukua tukatuka i ngā uara pāmahana tiketike, me te iti, pera i roto i te take o te tahi atu konganuku, t. E. tikanga toko, rikarika ki, fehokotakianga, okeoke. Ko te huru wehe o Titanium - tona kawe ia wera iti me, ko te kupu, e puritia enei āhuatanga i pāmahana teitei ki runga ki te 500 ⁰ C. I roto i te papa autō ko huānga Titanium paramagnetic, e kore te mea ngā rite rino, a kahore e tuha rite parahi. Tino nui mahi anti-waikura i roto i ngā taiao kino me pānga aunoa e ahurei. Neke atu i te 10 tau o te i roto i te wai moana kihai i huri i te ahua me te hanganga o te pereti Titanium. Rino i roto i tenei take e kia ngaro rawa waikuratia.

āhuatanga thermodynamic o Titanium

1. Kiato (i ngā āhuatanga noa) he 4,54 g / cm ^3.
2. tau ngota - 22.
3. Metals Group - he whakangutungutu, marama.
4. Ko te taimaha ngota o te Titanium - 47,0.
5. Kohua ira ⁽⁰ C) - 3260.
6. Titiwha rōrahi cm ³ / mol - 10.6.
7. Ko te ira whakakoero o Titanium ⁽⁰ C) - 1668.
8. wera motuhake o te vaporization (kJ / mol) - 422,6.
9. Ko te resistivity (i te 20 ⁰ C) ohms * cm * 10 ^-6 - 45.

āhuatanga matū

Ake huānga waikura ātete tika ki te hanganga i runga i te mata o te kiriata iti waikura. ārai reira (i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa) tauhohenga matū ki hau (hāora, hauwai) kei roto i te huru a tawhio noa o te pūmotu pērā i te Titanium whakarewa. huri ona āhuatanga i raro i te mana o te pāmahana. A, no te e whakaarahia ki 600 ⁰ C, te tauhohenga i waenganui i te hāora, hua i roto i te hanganga o te Titanium waikura (tio _2). I roto i te take o te absorption o hau kōhauhau e hanga e pūhui he pakarukaru nei kahore whakamahi i ngā mo tenei fehokotaki'anga take me te rewa o te Titanium hua i roto i te korehau. He he tukanga tauhohenga reversible o ā tātau hauwai i te whakarewa, puta reira atu kaha i pāmahana teitei (400 ⁰ C, me te runga ake). Titanium, tautautefito ki te matūriki pai (te paraharaha kikokore he waea ranei) ngingihatia te i raro i te huru hauota. Ko te tauhohenga matū i waenganui i anake taea i te pāmahana o te 700 ⁰ C, ai hanga he tine nitride. Ki te maha ngā puka alloys whakarewa tino pakeke te maha alloying huānga. Ko te tauhohenga ki te kōnakonako (chromium, bromo, iodo) tomo anake, no te te aroaro o te whakakōkī (tiketike pāmahana) me te kaupapa ki taunekeneke ki te taonga maroke. hua tenei he alloys whakangutungutu rawa pakeke. Ki te rongoā o te nuinga o ngā waikawa me te Titanium kawakore matū he okotahi hohe pūngāwhā kukū (e koropupu roa), hydrofluoric, wera organic (waikawa formic, waikawa oxalic).

tāpui

Ko te ka puta noa ilmenite ore tino noa - e tata ona rāhui i 800 miriona taranata. He nui ake ataahua putunga o putunga rutile, engari te rōrahi katoa - i te pupuri tupu production - kia whakarato tangata mo te 120 tau i muri mai, he whakarewa pērā i Titanium. Ka whakawhirinaki te utu o te hua whakamutunga i runga i te hiahia me te whakatairanga i pou tarāwaho production, engari i runga i te toharite hora i 1200 ki te 1800 moni. / Kg. Ki te whakapai ake hangarau tonu tino heke te utu o tukanga production katoa i roto i to ratou whakamohoatanga wā. Ko te rāhui nui o tokahuke Titanium i China ko Russia, me te turanga rauemi kohuke ko Japan, Awherika ki te Tonga, Ahitereiria, Kazakhstan, India, South Korea, Ukraine, Ceylon. Putunga o rerekē pukapuka production me te ōrau o Titanium i te ore, e haere tonu tonu rangahau papawhenua, e hanga ana e ia taea ki te amo i te heke i roto i te uara mākete o te whakarewa me tona tono whānui. Russia Ko e tawhiti te kaihanga nui o Titanium.

fariiraa

Hoki te hanga o te Titanium hāorarua, Kei te tino whakamahia nuitia ai, kei roto i te nui iti o poke. Kei te whiwhi te reira na roto i te haamaitai i ilmenite rutile ore ranei aro. puta te maimoatanga wera oumu hiko-pewa ore, haere tahi nei i te hanganga o te rino, me te wehenga o te para kei roto i te waikura Titanium. Kei te whakamahia ngāwhā pūhaumāota ranei tikanga mō te hautanga utu o te rino tukatuka. Titanium waikura Ko te puehu o te hina (e kite. Ko te whakaahua). whiwhi Titanium konganuku e tona maimoatanga āta.

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko te tukanga o te para sintering ki Coke me māota kohu puaretanga. TiCl ₄ Kei te heke hua konupora konutai ranei ka waiho i raro ki te pāmahana o 850 ⁰ C. Titanium hautai (maiengi papatipu tauta) whiwhi i te tauhohenga matū, pure rewa ki ingots ranei. Tei runga i te whakamahi atu o ngā ūnga, ranei i hanga i te koranu whakarewa i roto i te puka parakore (e nekehia atu poke i te whakawera ki te 1000 ⁰ C). Hoki te hanga o te taonga ki te poke hautanga 0.01% konutawa tikanga whakamahia. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te tukanga whakaetonga o te hautai Titanium pretreated ki kōnakonako, tona kohu.

Mara o te tono

Ko te ira whakakoero o Titanium ko fe'unga tiketike e te whakarewa ko te painga mahu'inga o humarie o te whakamahi rite te rauemi hanganga. Na reira, kua kite i te reira i tono nui i roto i te ahumahi te pahi, ahumahi rererangi, missiles whakangao, otaota matū. Titanium pinepine whakamahia te rite te dopant i roto i ngā alloys e whakaatu pai ake ngā āhuatanga o te resistance wera me te pakeke. High resistance te waikura, me te kaha ki te tu i te taiao tino pukuriri hanga he mahuinga mo te ahumahi matū tenei whakarewa. E hanga Titanium (alloys) pipelines, tāke, vaolo, whiriwhiringa, whakamahia hoki Māturu me te transportation o waikawa me ētahi atu matū kaha matū. ka ui ia, ka hanga whakaaro whakahaere i te mahi pāmahana faateiteihia. Ko te pūhui Titanium whakamahia ki te hanga taputapu tapahi roa, peita, kirihou me te pepa, mea hāparapara, implants, whakapaipai, rauemi whakapaipai, whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi kai. He uaua ki te whakaahua tohutohu katoa. rongoā hou mō te haumarutanga koiora tonu maha whakamahi Titanium whakarewa. Price - Ko anake te take e pā te whanui roa o te tono o tenei huānga tenei. Tika whakapuaki i taua Titanium - rauemi o te heke mai, te ako i taua taata nei e tomo i te wāhanga hou o te whanaketanga.