Tukanga Main o mahi pūtau

Ko te pūtau - te wae taketake o rauropi katoa. Mai tei tona āhua i runga i te tohu o te mahi, ki te kaha te urutau ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. pūtau subordinated tukanga faufaa etahi regularities. Ko te taumata o te mahi o ia rere tei runga i te wāhanga mataora. He katoa o rua taratahi: interphase me wehenga (M wāhanga). e te tuatahi te wa i waenganui i te hanganga o te pūtau, me to ratou mate wehenga ranei. I roto i interphase puta kaha tata katoa tukanga ora nui o ngā pūtau: kai , manawa, tupu, irritability, nekehanga. kawea uri pūtau i roto anake i roto i te wāhanga M.

wā o te interphase

Ahakoa te wehea tupu pūtau i waenganui i wehenga ki te maha ngā wāhanga:

• presynthetic ranei G-wāhanga 1 - wāhanga tuatahi: ariā o karere RNA, pūmua me etahi atu huānga pūtau;
• waihanga wāhanga ranei S: tuaruatia ai te DNA;
• postsynthetic, ranei G-2 wāhanga: te faaineineraa no whāū pūira.

I tua atu, mutu etahi o nga pūtau ki wehe i muri i pārōnaki. I roto i a ratou i reira he kahore interphase i waenganui G-1. Kei te pera-ka karanga ratou wāhanga okiokinga (G-0).

pākia

Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia, te tukanga ora o ngā pūtau mo te wahi wahi tango te nuinga e noho ana i roto i interphase. Ko te matua o ratou ko te pākia. Ngā mihi ki te puta i te reira tauhohe kore anake ngā ā-engari ano tukanga intercellular hono hanganga i roto i te tinana motuhake.

pākia e te tetahi kaupapa. ngā tukanga ora pūtau nuinga whakawhirinaki i runga i tona hanganga ture, ko te kore o te ahua o maumaui tetahi i roto i reira. Mahu'inga te aroaro o te pānga i runga i te taiao intracellular, me tomo i roto i te membrane. Na e waiho i raro ratou ki te tetahi tukatuka i te tukanga o te kai manawa ranei. I roto i te wā i muri o te tukatuka i te hua hua e whakamahia mo te kōtuitui o ngā āhuatanga hou huringa o ngā hanganga tīariari ranei. Toe i muri i nga panoni katoa o ngā hua pūkoro e te hunga kino ki ngā pūtau ranei noa e kore e hiahia ana i te reira, muku te taiao o waho.

Whakawhenumi me te dissimilation

Ture o te huringa ōrite o panoni o te tahi mau matū ki ētahi atu wāhi whākōkī. whai wāhi ratou ki te ake tere te rere o ngā tukanga motuhake, i.e. mahi rite kaiwhakakökï. taua ia "whakatere" pānga anake te tukanga hurihanga motuhake mō te arata'iraa i roto i te kotahi aronga. atu kitea nga matū hou i hanga ki ētahi atu whākōkī e whai wāhi ki to ratou huringa atu.

I roto i tenei take, nga pūtau katoa o tukanga faufaa i roto i te kotahi ara ranei tetahi tūhono ki e rua ngā ritenga: whakawhenumi me te dissimilation. Hoki te utu o ratou matū pāhekoheko, toenga, ranei te riri ko te pūtake. Various matū riro i waho e tahuri e whākōkī i roto i te tikanga, me te tika mo te pūtau. E huaina ēnei panoni waihanga whakawhenumi. I tua atu, e rapu pūngao hoki taua tauhohe. Ko tōna pūtake ko te tukanga o te dissimilation, whakangaromanga ranei. haere tahi ana te kaihoko mimiti e tuku o te pūngao e hiahiatia ana ki ngā pūtau taea puta tukanga taketake o te ora. whakatairanga hoki Dissimilation te hanganga o te matū atu ohie, e e ka whakamahia mo te kōtuitui hou. Wāhanga o te hua whāwehe kupu whakaaturia.

e pā ana maha nga tukanga o te mahi pūtau ki te toenga o te ariā me te whāwehe. Na, ko te taea tupu anake ki te predominance o whakawhenumi i runga i dissimilation. Faahiahia, e kore e taea e te pūtau noa tipu: whakatakotoria ana ki raro etahi rohe, ki tua atu nei mutu tupu.

ngotonga

whakamana Transport i te taiao ambient o matū ki te pūtau kei te pē me mātātoa. I roto i te take o mua riro taea te whakawhiti e tika ana ki te tūringiringi me te rerewai. tahi waka Active e te whakapaunga o te pūngao, me te maha puta ahakoa te tukanga i tohua. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, katote pāhare pāporo tomo. E patia ratou ki te pūtau, ara, ki te ratou kukū i roto i te cytoplasm nui te taumata i roto i te taiao.

Taipitopito o matū pānga te tohu ki e uruhanga o te membrane pūtau. Ko te kupu, rauemi organic taka ki roto ki te cytoplasm mama atu inorganic. Kei te whakaturia te reira ki te uruhanga me te rahi o ngā rāpoi ngota. Ano, he ti'aturi runga te āhua whaiaroaro o te pūtau me ngā āhuatanga taiao pērā i te pāmahana me te marama āhuatanga o te membrane.

kai

E whai wāhi ana te urunga o matū i te taiao tukanga tika pai-ako o te ora: respiration pūtau me tona kaha. kawea te whakamutunga kei te mā pinocytosis me phagocytosis. Ko te tikanga o ngā tukanga e rua he rite, engari i roto i pinocytosis ahakoa nga matūriki iti me iti mātotoru. he mea mahanga te rāpoi ngota whenumi e te membrane adsorbed taonga e outgrowths motuhake, me te rumakina e ki ratou ki te pūtau. Ko te hua ko te teihana, a ka puta i te vesicles membrane kei roto matūriki kai. Āta, e kapea ana i te anga ratou. Next, E whai wāhi ana te matūriki ki rawa tata ki te tukanga nakunaku. I muri wahia te raupapa o panoni taonga ki ohie ka whakamahia mo te kōtuitui o nga mea timatanga pūtau tika. I roto i tenei wahi o ētahi matū whai pānga ahu i roto i te taiao, pera kahore i raro ki te tukatuka anō whakamahi ranei.

manawa

Power - e kore te mea anake te tukanga e whakatairanga te ahua o nga mea timatanga pūtau tika. manawa ōnā ki a ratou he tino rite. Kei reira o te raupapa o panoni piritahi o te warowaihā, lipids me waikawa amino, e puta rite ki te hua o matū hou: te hauhā me te wai. Ko te wahi tino nui o te tukanga ko te ki te whakaputa pūngao, i te rongoa e te pūtau i roto i te puka o ATP me ētahi atu pūhui.

Ki te whai wāhitanga o te hāora

ngā tukanga ora pūtau tangata, me te maha atu kaiao, he feruri kahore tukupūngao kori tinana. Ko te taonga matua e tika ana mō te ia he hāora. Ko te whakaoranga o te pūngao nui-hiahiatia ana, me te te hanganga o ngā matū hou e wahi rite ki te hua o te piti hāora.

Kei te wehea tukanga manawa ki e rua ngā wāhanga:

• glycolysis;

• atamira hāora.

Glycolysis - te wāwāhi o te kūhuka i te cytoplasm o te pūtau i te mahi o whākōkī kahore hāora. Ko reira he raupapa o tahi tauhohe whai. Ka rite ki te hua o tetahi muingota o te kūhuka e hanga e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te ATP. hinga i te hua pirau i te wa ano ki te pungaraungao te wahi tīmata hāora atamira. Ka rite ki te hua o te maha tauhohe hua te hauhā, rāpoi ATP atu me ngota hauwai. I roto i te whānui, e ahu mai ngā pūtau i te muingota kotahi o te kūhuka 38 rāpoi ngota ATP. Ko reira no te mea o te nui o te pūngao penapena tukupūngao takohe me te whakaaro pai ake.

tukupūngao hāorakore

Hoki huakita i rawe ki ki tetahi atu momo o te manawa. whakamahi rātou i te hāora i muri o Ngā pūkawa, pūhau, a pera atu. Tenei momo o te kupukupu iti whai hua, Heoi, nui reira he wāhi nui i roto i te huringa o te mea i roto i te natura. kaiao anaerobic Nā kawea biogeochemical pūngāwhā huringa, hauota, me te konutai. I roto i te whānui, e rite ki te hāora manawa tukanga. I muri i te katinga o te glycolysis i hanga matū tomo ki te tauhohe FERMENTATION, te hua o nei kia waipiro Ethyl waikawa lactic ranei.

kārangirangi

Kei te tonu te pūtau taunekeneke ki te taiao. Response ki te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o waho i huaina kārangirangi. Kei te whakahuatia te reira i roto i ngā pūtau i roto i te āhua whakawhiti me te putanga o tauhohe ka hikaka. Momo o te whakautu ki te mana waho rerekē i runga i te āhuatanga mahi. pūtau uaua whakautu hukihuki, pūtau repe - tuku i te mea ngaro, ko nga neurons - karere whakatupuranga hihiko. niu nei e kārangirangi maha tukanga whaiaroaro. Ngā mihi ki reira, mo te tauira, kawea neurons mana manavasii taea tuku te excitation kore anake o te taua pūtau, engari ano hoki ngā āhuatanga o ētahi atu te kopa.

wehenga

Ko te kupu, i reira te mea he taiawhio huringa. pūtau tukanga faufaa reira e toutou i roto i te wā katoa o te interphase me whakamutu rānei te mate pūtau tona wehenga ranei. Whaiaro-uri ko te kī ki te tiaki o te ora rite te katoa i muri i te ngaro o te rauropi ngā. I roto i nui te tupu o te pūtau te dissimilation Kawanatanga, kei te tipu tere atu i te mata i te nui. Ka rite ki te hua, e pakanga nga tukanga ora pūtau iho, tīmata i te huringa hohonu, i te mutunga o nei nga pūtau tīariari he taea, haere reira ki te wehenga. pūtau hou ki nui haere kaha me te pākia e hanga e runga i te mutunga o te tukanga.

E kore e taea ki te korero i pūtau he ko te nui tino tukanga o te ora. Ko ratou katoa kōtuitui o me he horihori i roto i wehe i ia atu. Pīrahi me kaunuku tikanga mahi e vai i roto i te pūtau, kotahi ano manatu te whakaaro nui me te hanahana o te natura.