Wae radiation. ongó wae inenga radiation

Mai te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga, kua tae mai pūtaiao he kupu hou - radiation. Kua revolutionized Ko tōna kitea nga hinengaro o physicists huri noa te ao, ka whakaaetia ki te tūraki i te tahi mau ariā Newtonian me hanga whakapae maia e pā ana ki te hanganga o te ao, tona hanganga, me to matou wahi i roto i reira. Ko tenei katoa - mō tohunga. Ko te townsfolk hoki anake aue ka ngana ki te ohipa paari no taua mōhiotanga rerekē e pā ana ki tenei kaupapa. Te fifi i te tukanga ko te meka e te wae radiation i reira he tino he rota me e tika ana ratou katoa.

kupu

Ko te wā tuatahi, kia nei te whakatau - he, i roto i te meka, radiation. Na ka karanga tukanga paheke tetahi taonga o matūriki miniti, pērā i irahiko, iraoho, ngā iramoe, ngota haumāmā, me ētahi atu. Tei runga i te momo o ngā āhuatanga radiation matūriki rerekē i ia atu. kitea paheke i ranei i roto i te pirau ki matū ohie, ranei i roto i to ratou kōtuitanga.

wae inenga radiation - he fakakaukau tikanga e tohu te tini o matūriki timatanga tukua i te rauemi. I te kau, mahi ahupūngao ki ngā waeine rerekē e whitu, me ngā ona. hanga tenei reira taea ki te whakaahua i te ngā tukanga e tango te wahi ki te mea.

mehanga iratuki - huringa noho o te hanganga o te karihi iu o ngota te whakamahi i microparticles tuku.

tamau i te pirau - ko reira he ariā tauanga, matapae i te tūponotanga o te kore o te ngota mo te tetahi wā o te wā.

Ko te hawhe-ora - he wā wā i roto i nei decomposes hawhe o te nui o te taonga. Ētahi āhuatanga o reira kiia i roto i meneti, i ētahi atu - no te tau, me te ara tekau tau.

He aha te mea radiation whanganga

Units o radiation inenga - e kore te hunga anake e kua whakamahia ki te aro mātai i te āhuatanga o ngā rauemi iraruke. whakamahia hoki e rite taua uara:
- pūtake Mahi radiation;
- rere kiato (maha o ionizing matūriki ia rohe wae).

I tua atu, i reira he he rerekētanga i roto i te whakaahuatanga o te pānga o te radiation i runga i ora me te ora-kore taonga. Na, ki te taonga popohe, e te hunga e hāngai ana ki reira i te ariā:

- te horopeta whenumi;
- puaretanga horopeta.

Ki te te pānga radiation i runga i te kiko ora, kua whakamahia te ngā e whai ake nei:

- horopeta ōrite;
- horopeta ōrite whai hua;
- auau horopeta.

wae radiation e, rite kua whakahuatia i runga ake, ki te uara tau tikanga tangohia e pūtaiao whakahaere tātaitanga, me te hanga whakapae me ariā. Mahalo ko tenei he aha te mea kahore he wae noa kotahi o te inenga.

Curie

Ko tētahi o nga wae radiation ko te Curie. e kore e tono te reira ki tou pūnaha (e kore e no ki te pūnaha SI). I roto i Russia, kua whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahupūngao karihi, me te rongoā. ka rite rawa Active kotahi Curie ia te rua, ki te e tupu te reira 3.7 milliardov horo iratuki. Ko ki te mea e he rite ki te toru piriona e whitu rau miriona becquerels kotahi Curie.

Ko tenei tau e tika ana ki te meka e Mariya Kyuri (nei whakaurua ki pūtaiao te wā) whakahaeretia ratou ngā runga i konutuki ka tangohia e rite te pūtake mo tona tere o te pirau. Ko te wā, kua whakaritea e physicists e te uara ā-tau o tenei wae he pai ki te piri ki te tahi atu - tēnei wā. Ko taea ki te karo i etahi o nga hapa i roto i ngā tātai pāngarau.

I tua atu ki Ci, ka taea e maha e kitea e koe taurea ranei submultiples, pērā i:
- megacuries (rite ki te 3.7 mō te 10 ki te 16 becquerels tohu);
- kilocurie (3.7 mano piriona becquerels);
- mc (37 miriona becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Ki te taea te faaite wae tenei i roto i te rōrahi, mata, te mahi motuhake o te taonga ranei.

tēnei wā

pota Unit o radiation tēnei wā he nahanaha, me te e whakaurua i roto i Units pūnaha International (SI). E mea ohie roa, no te mea te tikanga te mahi radiation o tetahi tēnei wā e i roto i te taonga i reira he kotahi anake piraunga ira tukituki ia te rua.

ka te reira i tona ingoa i roto i te kororia o Antuana Anri tēnei wā, ahupūngao French. whakaaetia te ingoa i i te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, me te te whakamahia tonu tenei ra. Mai te mea te kōwae tika iti tenei, kua whakamahia te reira ki te kōrero ki te mahi o ngā kuhimua ira: kiro, Milli, moroiti, me ētahi atu.

Maoro, me ki tēnei wā whakamahia i Units Common pērā i Ci me Ariki. Rutherford ōrite kotahi miriona becquerels. I roto i te whakaahuatanga o te nuinga mata ranei mahi e taea te kitea iku'anga tēnei wā ia kirokaramu tēnei wā ia mita (tapawha pūtoru ranei) me te ngā pärönaki ona.

X-ray

Unit o mehua X-ray radiation, rawa kore ko te pūnaha,, ahakoa whānui whakamahia ki te kōrero ki riro te horopeta puaretanga kama radiation. Kotahi X-ray ko te horopeta radiation i nei tetahi henimita pūtoru o rangi i te pēhanga paerewa kōhauhau me te kore pāmahana whanau he tiaki o 3.3 * (10 * -10). He rite ki te rua miriona o ngā katote takirua tenei.

Ahakoa te meka e rite ki ture Russian, rāhuitia te nuinga o ngā waeine ehara i te SI te ki te whakamahi i X-hihi whakamahia i roto i te tohu o dosimeters. Engari ka hohoro mutu ratou ki te whakamahi, ka rite ki a ake mahi ki te record me te tātai katoa i roto i hina, me te sievert.

koa

rad Unit o te radiation ko waho o te pūnaha SI me ōrite te maha o taua radiation, i roto i nei tuku tetahi karamu o te taonga kei te kotahi miriona joules o pūngao. Ko tetahi pai - ko reira 0.01 joule ia kirokaramu o mea.

He rauemi e absorbs te pūngao kia rānei te kiko ora, a ētahi atu matū organic me inorganic me taonga: oneone, te wai, te hau. Ka rite ki whakaurua he rad wae motuhake i roto i te tau 1953, me te whai i te tika ki te whakamahi i roto i te ahupūngao me te rongoā Russia.

Grey

Ko tetahi atu wae o inenga o te taumata radiation, ka mohiotia nei e te Pūnaha International o Units tenei. whakaata te reira i te horopeta whenumi o radiation. Kei te whakapono te reira e kua riro te taonga i te horopeta o tetahi hina, ki te te pūngao tuku e te ki te radiation, he rite ki te kotahi joule ia kirokaramu.

Kua riro tenei wae tona ingoa i roto i te kororia o te kaipūtaiao English Lewis Kerei, a ka whakaurua ōkawa ki te pūtaiao i roto i 1975. E ai ki nga ture, te ingoa tonu o te kōwae e rai ki te reta pūriki, engari tona whakarāpopototanga - he tetahi nui. He rite ki te kotahi rau Radama kotahi hina. Haunga wae ohie, te whakamahi i Pūtaiao noa taurea me ngā taurea-iho o ratou ritenga pērā i manokaramu, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, me ētahi atu microg.

sievert

Unit sievert radiation whakamahia ki te rawea, pota ōrite, me te whai hua o te radiation me te whakaurua hoki i roto i te SI rite hina, me te Bq. whakamahia te reira i roto i te pūtaiao mai i 1978. Ko rite ki te pūngao i whenumi e manokaramu kiko mahana i muri te rongo o hihi kama kotahi SV. huaina te ingoa o tona wae i muri Rolf sievert, he kaiputaiao i Sweden.

E ai ki te whakamāramatanga, sievert ko hinahina e, e he ōrite, me te ko te rahi taua whängainga whenumi. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou, ko tonu i reira. I roto i te whakatau i te horopeta ōrite tika ki te whakaaro i te rahinga e kore anake, engari ano hoki i te tahi atu āhuatanga o te radiation, pērā i te roangaru, tīwera, ka e matūriki tohu reira. Na reira, whakanuia te uara ā-tau o te horopeta horomia o te radiation e te tauwehe kounga.

Hei tauira, te tahi atu tikanga katoa te rite, te pānga o te absorption o korakora ārepa ka e rua tekau nga wa neke atu i te horopeta taua o te kama. I tua atu, me whakaaro take kikokiko, e whakaatu ana pēhea te urupare tinana ki radiation. Na reira, whakamahia te horopeta ōrite i roto i radiobiology me te whai hua - i roto i te Occupational Health (ki haerenga i te puaretanga radiation).

tamau solar

He ko he ariā e kua ora i runga i to tatou paraneta kua kite rite te radiation solar. Units o inenga o radiation i te whetu - te Calories me Watts rms ia te wā wae. Na ka whakaritea e te reira, no te mea i whakaritea te nui o te radiation i te ra e te nui o te wera whakaputaina nei e nga taonga, me te kaha ki nei te tukua ai. mai te reira ki a whenua he hawhe te milioniraa noa o te tapeke o te pūngao tukuna.

tohaina radiation i te whetu e i roto i te wāhi i te tere o te marama i roto i whiwhi to tatou huru i roto i te puka o hihi. Ko te tino whānui te tūāwhiorangi o tenei radiation - i "haruru ma", arā ngaru irirangi ki te X-hihi. Matūriki e hoki hinga tahi ki radiation - he iraoho, engari i ētahi wā ka taea e ngā irahiko e (ki te ko nui te tuku o te pūngao).

Ko te radiation riro i te ra, ko te kaha peia o tukanga katoa e noho ana i runga i te ao. Ko te nui o te pūngao tatou riro tei runga i te wa o te tau, nga tikanga o te whetu i te rangi, me te mārama o te kōhauhau.

pānga radiation i runga i mea ora

Ki te ōrite i roto i o ratou āhuatanga kikokiko irradiated ki ngā momo rerekē o te radiation (i roto i te horopeta taua, me te kaha) ora, katahi ka waiho nga hua rerekē. Na reira, ki te whakatau i te pānga o anake iti whenumi te horopeta puaretanga ranei, e rua i roto i te take o ngā popohe. Putanga i runga i te wae scene o ionizing radiation, pērā i tamaa ko Sieverts Rems, e tohu ana ki te horopeta ōrite o te radiation.

I huaina horopeta ōrite whenumi e kiko ora, a ka tini haere e te herenga (ripa) ōwehenga e tango ki pūkete pehea kino etahi ahua o te radiation. Nuinga o ngā wā e whakamahia ana ki te ine i te reira i te sievert. He rite ki te kotahi rau beram kotahi sievert. Ko te nui o te ōwehenga, aua, radiation kino. Na, hoki pūaho ko - he kōwae, me mo nga ngā iramoe me korakora ārepa - e rua tekau.

Mai te aituā Chernobyl i Russia me ētahi atu whenua Kihi whai ki te whakarongo motuhake ki te taumata o te radiation te rongo ki runga ki te tangata. horopeta ōrite i puna taiao o te radiation e kore e nui rima millisieverts ia tau.

Mahi o radionuclides i runga i ngā ora kore

matūriki iratuki kawe te tiaki o te pūngao e kawe ratou te taonga, ka fehangahangai ki reira. Na te atu i te pa matūriki i to ratou ara ki te nui etahi o te taonga, te atu ka whiwhi i te reira pūngao. Ko te nui o ona aromatawaitia i roto i pota.

1. horopeta whenumi - ko te nui o te radiation i riro tuakiri taonga. Whanganga i roto i tamaa. e kore e tenei uara whakaaro mo te meka e he rerekē te pānga o ngā momo rerekē o te radiation i runga i mea.
2. Mārakerake horopeta - ko te horopeta whenumi, engari ki te tohu o te ionization o matū rerekē i te rongo ki matūriki iraruke. Whanganga i roto i coulombs ia kirokaramu, X-hihi ranei.