Waikawa āhuatanga ōkiko. Tai o waikawa

Tata ki te katoa kāinga i winika. A e matau ana te nuinga o te iwi e ngā hāngai ai ki runga ki te waikawa ahetiki. Ko ko reira i te wāhi matū o tirohanga? He aha atu matū i roto i tenei raupapa reira e me aha e ratou āhuatanga? Whakamātauria ki matau tenei take, me te ki te titiro waikawa monobasic haurokuroku. Tautautefito i roto i te whare e whakamahia ahetiki kore anake, engari e rave rahi atu, me anake hoki pärönaki o enei waikawa i roto i te whānui, he manuhiri auau i roto i nga whare.

Ko te piha haapiiraa o ngā waikawa: he tirohanga whānui

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū pūtaiao, mo tenei piha o pūhui ngā rāpoi ngota hāora e whai he rōpū ngā o ngota - he rōpū mahi carboxyl. He te puka -COOH. Ko te kupu, ko te tātai whānui e whai rohe waikawa monobasic katoa, ko e whai ake: R-COOH, ai R - ko te matūriki tuwhena, e ai ngā tetahi maha o ngā ngota waro.

E ai ki tenei, ka taea te hoatu te whakamāramatanga o tenei piha o pūhui e. waikawa - oxygenated te rāpoi organic e ngā tetahi ranei atu mahi rōpū -COOH - rōpū carboxyl.

Ko te take i enei matū e mea ïa ki te waikawa, whakamārama te nekeneke o te ngota hauwai i roto i te carboxyl. Kei te kāore tohaina te kiato irahiko, mai te hāora - te rōpū tino electronegative. Mai i tenei hononga kaha polarised te e-H me riro hauwai tino whakaraerae. Ka taea te ngāwari wahia te reira atu, tomo ki te tauhohe matū. Na reira waikawa tohu hāngai hoatu he tauhohenga rite:

• waipūhuitohukonu - taekore;
• tohu waikawa - whero;
• ao - whero;
• te mewaro - whero me ētahi atu.

Nā ki te ngota hauwai, whakaatu waikawa oxidizing āhuatanga. Heoi, ko te aroaro o te tahi atu ngota e āhei ki a ratou ora, me te whai wāhi i roto i te maha atu taunekeneke.

whakarōpū

He maha ngā āhuatanga matua, e kua wehea ki ngā rōpū o te waikawa. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - ko te āhua o te tuwhena. E ai ki tenei take kitea:

• waikawa Alicyclic. Tauira: quinic.
• Kakara. Tauira: mangeo.
• Tīmeka. Tauira: waikawameha ahetiki, waikawa kiriaku, waikawa oxalic, me ētahi atu.
• Heterocyclic. Tauira: nikotīni.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki ngā hononga i roto i te rāpoi ngota, e taea te tāutuhia te rōpū e rua o ngā waikawa:

• rohe - hononga katoa anake, kotahi;
• hamanga - i roto i te aroaro o rua, kotahi maha ranei.

Ko reira ano hoki he tohu o te whakarōpū taea mahi rōpū rite mahi. Heoi, i reira ko nga kāwai e whai ake nei.

1. Monobasic - kotahi anake rōpū -COOH. Tauira: formic, Mangeo, butyric, valeric, me ētahi atu.
2. Dibasic - aua, te rōpū COOH rua. Tauira: waikawa oxalic, waikawa malonic, me ētahi atu.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic, me ētahi atu.

I muri mai i roto i tēnei tuhinga tatou ka whakawhāiti noa ngā waikawa monobasic, tīmeka.

History o whakahura

oranga Winery ki te wa onamata. Ka rite ki te mea e mohiotia, tetahi o ona hua - waikawameha ahetiki. Na reira e te hītori o te rongo o tenei piha o pūhui ona pakiaka i te wa o Robert Boyle me Ioganna Glaubera. Heoi, e kore ia e taea te ki te kitea i roto i mo te roa te wa ki te āhua matū o ēnei rāpoi ngota.

Hoki te wa roa te nuinga whakaaro vitalists, e whakakahore te taea o te hanganga o waro kahore taata ora. Otiia i roto i te 1670 AD whakahaere Ray ki te tiki i te māngai rawa tuatahi - mewaro waikawa formic ranei. i ia tenei e te whakawera i te pounamu i roto i nga popokorua ora.

mahi i muri mai o te pūtaiao, me te Kolbe Berzelius faaite te taea o synthesizing enei pūhui i matū pararopi (Māturu waro). Ka rite ki te hua i whiwhi waikawameha ahetiki. Ko te kupu kua ako te waikawa (ngā āhuatanga ōkiko, hanganga) me te timatanga o te whakatuwheratanga o te tahi atu mau melo o te katoa o te raupapa o pūhui tīmeka.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

I teie mahana, te ako taipitopito o ratou māngai katoa. Hoki ia o enei āhuatanga e taea te kitea i roto i ngā tawhā katoa, tae atu i te whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi, me te te i roto i te natura. Ka titiro matou ki ta te tikanga te waikawa, te āhuatanga ōkiko o ētahi atu tawhā.

Heoi, i reira e rave rahi tawhā āhuatanga taketake.

1. Ki te kore e te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te mekameka nui rima, reira koimutu hongi, turanga, me te ahua wai. Runga ake i te rima - taimaha, matū hinuhinu, atu - pakeke, parikoriko.
2. he nui ake te kotahi i te kiato o te mema o te tuatahi e rua. Katoa atu mama atu i te wai.
3. wāhi e koropupu ana: ko te teitei te mekameka, te teitei te tapeke. Ko te hanganga ake rārātini, na i raro.
4. Rewa pūwāhi: tei runga i te örite o te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te mekameka. Ko ara teitei i roto i rerekē i raro Y.
5. I roto i te wai, memeha reira tino pai.
6. He nehenehe o hanga kaha here hauwai.

E faataa e te hanganga o te hangarite, me i konei te hanganga wini whakakahokaho, tona kaha enei āhuatanga. Ko te rāpoi ngota atu ohie, me te hanganga, te tohu i runga ake e hoatu he waikawa. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o enei pūhui tukua ki te tautuhi i te mara, me o ratou tikanga o te whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi.

āhuatanga matū

Rite tonu ki ta matou i whakaritea i runga, kia whakaatu raraunga waikawa āhuatanga rerekē. He nui hoki te kōtuitui ahumahi o pūhui maha ratou tauhohe. Rawea, te āhuatanga matū tino nui e taea e waikawa monobasic.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Whakaatu āhuatanga waikawa, pähekoheko i.e. ki te waikura taketake me o ratou waihā. Ki te konganuku ohie ähua e te tukanga paerewa (i.e., anake te hunga e te hunga ki te hauwai i roto i te raupapa iahiko).
3. Ki te nui ake waikawa kaha (pararopi) e mahi rite te turanga.
4. Ahei heke ki te waipiro tuatahi.
5. tauhohenga Motuhake - hākawatanga. Tenei pāhekoheko ki waiwaihā ki te hanga i te hua matatini - hākawa.
6. decarboxylation tauhohe, arā te whakakorenga o te rāpoi ngota pūhui hauhā.
7. Nehenehe o te tauhohe i ki halides o ngā āhuatanga pērā i ūkuikui me te whanariki.

Oia mau, ka rite ki waikawa matamaha. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko, me te matū, he tino kanorau. I tua atu, kia mea ai e i roto i whānui te kaha rite waikawa, he pai ngoikore rāpoi organic katoa rite ki o ratou ritenga pararopi. e kore e ratou taimau dissociation nui te uara o 4.8.

Methods mo te faaineineraa

He maha ngā huarahi taketake e taea riro waikawa haurokuroku.

1. I roto i te taiwhanga e mahi ai i te piti hāora:

• waiwaihā;
• aldehydes;
• waiwaro toru;
• taiwhanga;
• whakangaromanga o waiwaro rua.

2. hydrolysis:

• hākawa;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - whakakorenga o te CO ₂ rāpoi ngota.

4. I roto i te kōtuitanga ahumahi kawea i roto i te piti hāora o ngā waiwaro ki atu ngota waro i roto i te mekameka. kawea te tukanga i roto i roto i te maha wāhanga ki te tukua he plurality o byproducts.

5. ētahi waikawa motuhake (formic, ahetiki, butyric, valeric, me ētahi atu) rite e tikanga motuhake mā te kai māori.

rohe pūhui waikawa Basic: tai

Tai o ngā waikawa - pūhui nui whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi. hua ratou i te pāhekoheko o te whakamutunga ki:

• konganuku;
• waikura taketake;
• waikura amphoteric ;
• kawakore;
• waihā amphoteric.

Ngā nui i roto ia ratou he hunga e e hanga e waenganui i alkali konganuku konutai me te konurehu me te waikawa tepe teitei - palmitic, Mangeo. I muri i ngā hua katoa o tenei pāhekoheko - hopi, wai, me te totoka.

hopi

Ko te kupu, i roto i te take o te tauhohenga taua: 2c ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2c ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

te hua hua - konutai stearate - ko reira i te natura te hopi noa e whakamahia ana mō te kakahu horoi.

Ki te i whakakapi waikawa palmitic, a ka tahuri te whakarewa pāhare pāporo i runga taua mea pāhare pāporo palmitate - hopi mō ringa horoi. Na reira, ka taea e tatou he pakari kī e te tai o ngā waikawa - Ko te mau tenei pūhui nui o te natura organic. hokohoko ratou me te whakamahi o te ngū i roto i te tauine. Ki te whakaaro koe ki te nui o hopi Ahatia nga tangata i runga i te whenua, e mea ohie ki te whakaaro me enei pauna.

Hākawa o waikawa

He rōpū motuhake o pūhui, e kua tona wahi i roto i te tapanga o ngā pūhui matū waro. Tenei piha o hākawa. E hanga e ratou i te tauhohenga o ngā waikawa ki waiwaihā. Taitara o taua taunekeneke - te tauhohenga hākawatanga. taea Tiro General te māngai e te whārite:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Hua ki e rua Radicals ko te hākawa. Oia mau, ka rite ki te hua o te tauhohenga te waikawa waikawa, waipiro, hākawa me te wai kua oti huringa nui. Ko te kupu, rau hauwai i te rāpoi waikawa i roto i te puka o te māraa ļa me tutaki ki rōpū hydroxy i te waipiro e wahia atu. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga te muingota wai te. Whakarōpū toe i runga i te waikawa tuwhena e runga i te waipiro hanga te rāpoi ngota hākawa.

He aha te mea na nui enei tauhohe me aha te uara arumoni o ratou hua? Ko te mea, ko te e whakamahia hākawa rite:

• tāpiringa kai;
• rongo;
• wāhanga hiato o te whakakakara;
• whakarewa;
• varnishes wāhanga, peita, kirihou;
• ngā rongoā, me te pera i runga i.

Ko reira mārama e te mara o te whakamahi e whānui nui ki te whakatika hanga i roto i te ahumahi.

waikawa ewaro (ahetiki)

Tenei rohe waikawa tīmeka monocarboxylic, i te mea tetahi o te rongonui tino i roto i ngā o te production ao. Ko tōna tātai - CH ₃ COOH. Taua nuinga au, te reira ona āhuatanga. I muri i te katoa, ko te tino whānui te mara o te whakamahi.

1. Ko te tāpiri kai i raro i E-260 waehere.
2. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahumahi kai mo te tiaki.
3. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te rongoa mo te kōtuitui o medicaments.
4. Wae i roto i te faaineineraa o pūhui odoriferous.
5. Whakarewa.
6. Kaiuru i roto i te tukanga o te tā, papanga tae.
7. Ko te wāhanga e tika ana i roto i te matū whāiti tauhohe plurality o matū.

I roto i te ora o tona otinga 80-ōrau ka karanga ngako ahetiki, a ki te waimeha reira ki te 15%, te tiki koe tika winika. huaina Net 100% waikawameha ahetiki glacial te.

waikawa formic

Ko te māngai tuatahi, me te ohie o tenei piha. Tātai - HCOOH. Ano he tāpiri kai i raro i E-236 waehere. Ko tōna puna tūturu:

• popokorua me pi;
• ongaonga;
• ngira;
• hua.

Ko te wāhi matua o te whakamahi:

• mo te tiaki me te takanga kai kararehe o;
• Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te mana o pirinoa;
• mō te whākano papanga wahi etchant;
• rite he whakarewa;
• hātea;
• i roto i te rongoa - no te disinfection o mea, me te taputapu;
• ki te whakaputa i te waro haukura i roto i te taiwhanga.

i roto i te pokanga o tenei otinga waikawa hoki whakamahia te rite antiseptics.