Development Social i Russia: puka, akiaki, hītori

whanaketanga pāpori me te tōrangapū o Russia i 1894-1904 tika ki te hanganga o te whakaaro hou i roto i te taupori whānui. Engari o te mua "Whakaorangia te Atua te Tsar!" I roto i te ara ngateri i roto i te tuwhera, "raro ki autocracy!" Kua arahina pae hopea tenei katoa ki kino, i a kahore whakarara i katoa te hītori-tau mano o to tatou ahua. Eaha tei tupu? Whakatakotoria ana i te tihi, e tautokona ana e ngā āhuatanga o waho, pono kua arahina whanaketanga pāpori ki te mea ka ui te iwi huringa ranei?

He aha i te pua teitei o ōhanga, te pūtaiao, te ahurea, te mātauranga, ahuwhenua me te ahumahi i roto i te whenua, ka te Hiha te "toto o te kingi"? O te akoranga, e kore huru subjunctive hītori. Ko, e ranei kua Nicholas II pono "te kaitiaki toto o nga iwi," rite ana to'ume'á huaina, kahore revolution, i nga kaimahi o te wheketere Putilov, pararutiki production hōia katoa i roto i te pa ahumahi matua i roto i te whenua i roto i te Tama'i Rahi II o te Ao e kua koperea rite "tinihanga o te motherland" . Ko te taua tupu i muri i te revolution, i roto i te tikanga o nga Kominiusi i te kaha. Otiia i roto i te 1884, kihai i taea i mohiotia tangata. Ētahi atu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whanaketanga pāpori o te hapori i taua wa, ka e kōrero atu.

Pehea ka anga te reira katoa

He huringa i roto i te hinengaro tūmatanui timata Oketopa 20, 1894. I tenei ra, ka mate te Hiha Alexander III, riro i to'utangata mauruuru me uri ingoa "reforomatio." haere mai ia ki te torona e tana tama Nicholas II - tetahi o nga whika tino tautohetia i roto i to tatou aamu me Ivan te whakamataku me Iosifom Stalinym. Ko, pērā ratou, emepera me i taea e kore whakairi te tapanga "kaikohuru" me "kaitiaki", ahakoa kua tenei kua meatia, pea te pai i roto i kōrero Soviet katoa. Ko te Russian Tsar whakamutunga timata ki te tupu akiaki tere nui o te whanaketanga pāpori ki te hurihanga o te autocracy. Ko nga mea tuatahi te tuatahi.

Haurongo Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

whanau Nicholas II ko Mei 6, 1868. I tenei ra, wehi Karaitiana te tapu te mauiui o te Hopa. Ko te Emperor ia i whakapono - he reira he tohu e ta e he kanga ki te mamae i roto i te ora ia. Na te mea i tupu i muri iho - kua arahina whanaketanga pāpori ki te meka i tae te mauahara o te autocracy o te iwi i roto i te rau tau o mua te wāhi e koropupu, ka hua i roto i nunu'a tina heke. hinga rite te riri o te iwi rau tau-koroheke i runga i taua kingi, e te mea nui atu nona ratou matua katoa e pā ana ki te toko i te ora o to ratou ake iwi. O te akoranga, ki tenei mata o tirohanga, he tokomaha e tautohe, engari ka rite ki te mea ratou, te tini o te iwi, na he tokomaha whakaaro.

ko Nicholas II pai mātauranga, i mohio e rave rahi reo ke maitai, engari korero tonu Russian.

whakairihia kaitōrangapū ohaoha i runga i tona tapanga i te tangata ngoikore-mea tohe ki e kore nei i tango i whakatau motuhake, me te kua i raro i te mana o te wahine tonu: tuatahi te whaea, me te ka tana wahine. Solutions, i roto i to ratou whakaaro, tango kaitohutohu nei runanga ana ki te kingi whakamutunga. ka karanga nga Kominiusi ia he "nanakia toto", i arahina Russia ki te kino.

hiahia tapanga katoa ki te totohe, ka ki mahara te toto 1921 ki executions papatipu o te Cheka, me te wā o te tāmitanga o Stalin. e kore te "nanakia toto" ara koperea te hunga e roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao sabotaged te tuku o te taro, me te paura ki te mua i te mutunga o 1916, ka mate hoia Russian o te kai me te kore o te matā takoha ki te haere i runga i te whawhai ki ona ringa whanau i runga i pu. O te akoranga, kihai i hoia noa mahino nga take pono o te mea kei te tupu, a hohoro-whakaaro mohio kitea te take o kino katoa i roto i te mata o te kingi Russian whakamutunga.

E kore ko Nicholas II me te tangata ngoikore-mea tohe ki nei ka mau fakatāutaha maha whakatau tōrangapū e poka ki nga whakaaro o te tokoiti a tawhio noa, te bourgeoisie, nga tihi o te hanahana, me nunui utuafare. Otiia kihai i ratou "te hiahia a te nanakia iti," me ki te whakatutuki i te raruraru nui o te puranga. Ko te whakamutunga o nga whakaaro i huaina e ia te tetahi anake nei ngā tona mata o te tirohanga, i konei te pōhēhē kaitōrangapū ohaoha.

January 17, 1895, Nicholas II whakaaturia e pā ana ki te haumaru o te autocracy me te tikanga tawhito, i tomu'a aunoa i te whanaketanga atu o te whenua. turanga orurehau i muri i enei kupu ka anga ki te tango i āhua ki te tere inä, ki te āta whakaritea tona tangata i te waho.

whanaketanga pāpori me te tōrangapū o Russia i te tau 1894-1904: he pakanga i roto i nga taumata teitei o te mana

Ko te hape ki te amo i taua ko te afa anake i roto i te iwi noa. Kua arahina whanaketanga pāpori ki te meka e kua whakawhanakehia rerekētanga i te ara o te whanaketanga o Russia noa i roto i nga kau taki rawa tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga. Ko te pakanga mure ore o Rīpera Western, flirts ki whenua Pākehā, me te Amerika conservatives tāmau whenua, e ngana ana ki te tutakina Russia e tetahi tikanga, ka hë i tenei wa. Kia aroha mai, te kore o "toharite koura" me te māramatanga e kia haere i te whanaketanga ōhanga, tōrangapū me te pāpori i roto i te whenua i roto i te haumi ki te Te Hau-ā-uru, engari i roto i te parururaa i ngā ngākau nuitanga kāinga, kua tonu i roto i to tatou aamu. kore kua wa teie mahana ke te āhuatanga. te tīariari tatou ranei patriots i roto i te whenua te hunga e hiahia ana ki te tu motu, ki te kia kati i te katoa i runga i te ao, ranei ohaoha, rite ki te hoatu i te ātetenga katoa ki whenua ke.

whaia Nicholas II he kaupapa here i runga i te parau tumu o "toharite koura" e hanga ia he hoariri mo te tuatahi, me te mo te tuarua. Ko te take i ko te Hiha he tautoko noa o te haumi ki te Te Hau-ā-uru i roto i te parururaa i ngā ngākau nuitanga kāinga, ka mea te pakanga tōrangapū motu i waenganui i te ope e rua, kua tū mahi tūmatanui tiketike e rua o nei.

te Pākehā

ko te tuatahi Rīpera Western, ahu e Minita Finance S. Yu. Vitte. Ratou mahi matua - te whanaketanga o te whenua o te ōhanga .. Industry, ahuwhenua, me ētahi atu te ahumahi o te whenua, kia rite ki Witte, kia nui pā te whanaketanga pāpori-tōrangapū. ka tukua te reira ki te whakaoti i te mahi e whai ake nei:

• Ki te whakaemi moni mo te otinga o ngā raruraru pāpori.
• Whakawhanake ahuwhenua i te utu o te pai me te iti whakaritea ki kawemai, taputapu.
• Ki te hanga i te piha haapiiraa hou - te bourgeoisie, e taea te whakatauritea ki te rangatira tuku iho, mahi i runga i te parau tumu o "wehenga me te ture".

conservatives

I te matenga o te ope momo ko Minita Interior V. K. Pleve, i muri mai patua nei i roto i te whawhai kaiwhakatuma, me te tahi atu konohi u'ana, nana nei i hanga mo te whanaketanga o Russia te nuinga o te katoa - P. A. Stolypina. kanohi ke me te meka e kore tetahi o nga kaihanga kaupapa here pro-Western i mamae i roto i te "tahia toto" tahae kaiwhakatuma i roto i te mutunga o te XIX - wawe senituli XX, i whakaaro te āhua Russian motuhake me ona ake mentality me te ahurea.

whakapono Pleven e kore e taea te tākiekina whanaketanga ōhanga me te tōrangapū e te iwi "teeki" taitamariki nei e whakaaro "pangia" pro-Western, ke ki to tatou whenua. Russia - he whenua ki tona pere o te whanaketanga. Reform, o te akoranga, e tika ana, engari e kore e hiahia ana ki te wahi i pūtahi pāpori katoa, i tipu i runga i te rau tau.

Ko te tupu o ngā whakahēnga

Revolution, rite matau tatou, tukua ringa taitamariki. Russia he kahore okotahi i roto i tenei whakaaro. Ko te amuamu papatipu tuatahi i roto i 1899 ka anga reira i roto i ngā ākonga tono te tika ki te hoki i te mana motuhake o ngā whare wānanga. Otiia e kore e te "tikanga toto" riro te shooting papatipu o demonstrators, kua kahore tetahi kua hopukina, a i roto i te ngā. tonoa e te mana noa e rave rahi activists ki te ope, me te "maunu ākonga" pirau tonu.

Heoi, i roto i te 1901, i werohia ia e te Minita o te Mātauranga N. P. Bogolepov ākonga mua P. Karpovich. Tenei kōhurutanga o te pā matua i muri i te whati roa o whakaeke kaiwhakatuma tohu ki te meka e arata'i te whanaketanga pāpori ki huringa tuwhena.

I roto i te 1902 whawhati tutu i roto i nga kawanatanga tonga o te whenua i roto i nga peasants. i te pouri ki te kore o te whenua ratou. mano whakaekea mano whare nga kaiwhakarēti ', whare witi kai, warehouses, ringiringi ratou.

Hei whakahoki kia ngā te ope, e te tino riria ana ki te whakamahi i patu. tohu tenei te kaha o nga mana ki te whakatika whakahau, me i te wa ano whakaatu katoa "toto" tikanga. Kua te mehua nui anake kua tono ki te instigators, nei i waiho i raro ki te whiu tūmatanui. No executions papatipu, me executions kua tuhia i roto i ngā mātāpuna kōrero o mua. No te whakarite, e hiahia ana ahau ki te mahara i te mau ohipa i tupu e 20 tau i muri mai i roto i te kawanatanga Tambov. He te te whakatikanga ake papatipu ki te pahua kai mua. whakahau te kāwanatanga Soviet ki te whakamahi i patu matū ki te peasants, e i piri i roto i te ngahere, a ka haere mai ratou hapu ake ki te ahua o te puni kukū, i peia nga wahine me ngā tamariki. Tangata i ki taui te utu o to ratou iho oraraa ki te tukua e ratou.

Te pōuri i roto i Finland

Ko reira pehi, me i roto i te pito motu. Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te tomokanga o Finland ki Russia i 1899, kawea te kāwanatanga pokapū i roto i te mehua e whai ake:

• Limited Diet motu.
• Whakaurua he whakahaere pūkete i Russian.
• whakamararatia ratou te ope motu.

e kore e taea e tenei katoa te āwhina engari kōrero e pā ana ki te pakeke o te pai ai tōrangapū o Nicholas II, te mai i mua i te reira ara kihai i nga rangatira tino niwha haere ki taua mehua. O te akoranga, ko nga Finns pouri, engari kia whakaaro o e te wahi o te kāwanatanga ko te ahua o te mana motuhake, te wahi ki te haumi moni pūtea mō te whanaketanga, engari te mea ona ake ope, ture, kāwanatanga, e kore te mea nei i raro ki te pokapū, mahi katoa te pepa mōhiohio kei roto i te reo-motu. kihai i Finland he koroni o te Russian Empire, i te mea he reira rite ki te titau i Nationalists rohe me te wae rohe motuhake, koa te tiaki me te tautoko pūtea o te Center.

whanaketanga pāpori me te tōrangapū o Russia 1894-1904 tika ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o te ope hou, e ka takaro i te wāhi nui i roto i to tatou aamu - te rōpū o te RSDLP.

Russian Social Democratic Party Reipa (RSDLP)

I roto i te Maehe 1902 ka mau ahau he Congress rōpū i roto i Minsk i 9 iwi, 8 o nei i mauheretia e debunks te pūrākau o te ngoikore o ngā pokapū uruhi ture ki te tautuhi i te he,. E kore e nga puna mea tetahi e pā ana ki te aha e kore hopukina te kaitautapa iwa me te mea ko ia.

tū II Congress i Hōngongoi-August 1903, 2 tau i mua i te revolution Russian tuatahi i roto i 1905, atu i Russia - i roto i London ko Brussels. whāngai te reira i te tikanga me te hōtaka o te rōpū.

Ko te hōtaka iti o te RSDLP

Modern rōpū pato'iraa noa wehi ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te mea mahi byliu RSDLP Party. iti:

1. Ko te hurihanga o te autocracy me te whakatū o te käwanatanga manapori.
2. Nunui o te Ao me te pōtitanga manapori.
3. Ko te matau o te iwi ki te whaiaro faaotiraa-me te ōritetanga.
4. kāwanatanga ā-rohe Whānui.
5. Waru-haora mahi ra.
6. Ko te whakakāhoretanga o utu whakaoranga, te hoki o te moni ki te hunga e kua katoa utua.

Ko te hōtaka mōrahi o te RSDLP

Ko te hōtaka mōrahi i roto i te ao revolution proletarian whānui. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ua hinaaro te rōpū ki te tīmata i te whawhai ao i runga i te ao, i te iti rawa, kua karangatia reira. e kore he mana tika huringa tutu, me te tikanga pāpori, e kore e taea te tutuki i te tikanga rangimarie.

rōpū tōrangapū ki te tikanga, ngā hōtaka, ngā whāinga - he puka hou o te whanaketanga pāpori i roto i Russia i taua wa.

I wahia e kau fakafofonga RSDLP ki te Congress Tuarua kia rua nga ropu:

1. Faaapî, arahina e L. Martov (Yu Tsederbaum), nei i ki te revolution. tohe ratou mo te ritenga, ara rangimarie o te kaha whakaputa i, me te tūmanakohia e hāngai ana i runga i te bourgeoisie ki te whakatutuki i ona whāinga tōrangapū.
2. Radicals - karangatia ki te turaki i te kāwanatanga i tetahi tikanga, tae atu, i roto i te akoranga o te revolution. okioki ratou i runga i te ënei whenua (mahi piha).

Radicals arahina e V. I. Leninym riro te nuinga o ngā tūru i roto i te tūranga ārahi o te rōpū. Hoki tenei take, e mohiotia e ratou kia rite ki nga mua. I muri, te afa rōpū, a ka mohiotia e ratou kia rite ki te RSDLP (b), me muri i te ia - te CPSU (b) (katoa-Russian Communist Party o mua).

Party Social-Revolutionary Party (AKP)

Mana, kua tangohia te AKP tona kaupapa ture i roto i Hakihea 1905 - January 1906, ka puta ke te whanaketanga pāpori-tōrangapū o Russia kua i muri i te revolution me te Faaiteraa i runga i te whakatū o te State Duma. Ko te Social-mua, rite ki te kaha tōrangapū puta roa i mua i taua. Ko ratou te hunga whakaritea wehi papatipu ki te kāwanatanga o taua wā.

I roto i tona hōtaka, karangatia nga tahae Social me te huringa tutu o te mana, engari, i rite ki nga etahi, o raua i runga i te tikanga i rite te kaha peia o te revolution.

Whanaketanga Social i roto i Russia: whakatau whānui

ui tokomaha te iwi he aha pūtaiao ko te tekau tau i 1894-1904 gg. whakaaro wehe, no te mea tonu Nicholas II ki te kia i roto i te mana? Whakahoki kupu e te hītori o te whanaketanga pāpori 1894-1904 gg. mua te reira i te revolution Russian tuatahi i roto i 1905, i muri i nei riro Russia he arikitanga Duma. Faaiteraa o Oketopa 17, 1905 whakaurua he mana hou - te State Duma. O te akoranga, te ture whāngai i kahore kaha, kahore te whakaaetanga o te Hiha, engari i nui tona mana tōrangapū.

I tua atu, ko te reira i na i roto i timata Russia ki takoto te poma e pakaru i muri i roto i te 1917 e ka arahi ki te hurihanga o te autocracy me te Pakanga Civil.