Euclid Kariki mathematician: he haurongo o te kaiputaiao, meka tuwhera, me te ngā

whakahere matou ki a koutou te tiki maheni ki te mathematician nui rite Euclid. Biography, kei te aroaro o te whakarāpopototanga o tona mahi matua me etahi meka ngā pā ana ki tenei pūtaiao i roto i tenei tuhinga. Euclid (tau o te ora - 365-300 BC ..) - mathematician, kōrero ki te wā Hellenic. mahi ia i roto i Alexandria i raro i Ptolemy ahau Soter. E rua putanga matua o te wahi i whanau ai ia. E ai ki te tuatahi - i roto i Atene, kia rite ki te tuarua - i roto i Taira (Hiria).

Haurongo o Euclid: Interesting Facts

Mō te ora o tenei pūtaiao mohiotia te kore pera nui. He ko he karere e no Pappa Alexandria. Ko tenei tangata he mathematician e noho i roto i te hawhe 2 o te rau tau AD 3. tuhia e ia e kei tatou hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao i atawhai, me te ngawari ki te hunga katoa e e taea ki te whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te hunga atu sciences pāngarau ranei te hopoia.

He he ano hoki te kōrero e mea Archimedes. Ko tōna huru matua - Euclid. haurongo Poto o ngā tamariki te nuinga tā te kōrero, i te mea he mea tino pākiki, me taea te whakaputa moni i roto i te pāngarau i ngā kaipānui taitamariki. E kīia ana, e hiahia Kingi Ptolemy ki ako āhuahanga. Heoi, ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua e kore e mea ohie ki te mahi. Katahi te kingi ka karanga te tangata whakao Euclid, a ui ia mehemea i reira he tetahi ara ngāwari ki te taa i te pūtaiao. Na ka whakahoki a Euclid e reira he kore ara kingi ki te āhuahanga. Na ko reira he faaiteraa riro e kua whai parirau, ka haere mai ki a tatou i roto i te ahua o pakiwaitara.

I te timatanga o te rautau 3 BC. e. whakaturia e ia te Alexandria Museum me Library o Alexandria Euclid. haurongo poto me ana āhuatanga e pā ana ki enei pūtahi e rua, i te mea ano hoki te pokapū whakangungu.

Euclid - he tauira o Plato

Kua haere tenei pūtaiao i roto i te Platon Academy hāngai (aroaro tona whakaahua kei te raro nei). ako e ia te whakaaro matua o tenei whakaaro taumauri, i ko te meka i reira ko te ao motuhake o whakaaro. Ko reira haumaru ki te mea e Euclid, tona haurongo he e takare ki te kōrero, ko te kaupapa Platonist. Tenei pūtaiao tatūnga whakakaha ki te matau e mea katoa i hanga e te ka fakamatala'i e ia i roto i tona "Principia," he oraraa mure ore.

He hiahia i roto i te whakaaro i whanau nei 205 tau i muri i Pythagoras, i roto i te '63 matou - Platon, 33 - Eudoxus, 19 - Aristotle. tutaki ia ki a ratou mahi taumauri me pāngarau rānei takitahi i roto i takawaenga ranei.

Communication "Huānga" o Euclid ki nga mahi o te tahi atu pūkenga

Proclus, te philosopho-Platonist (tau o te ora - 412-485), te kōrero kaituhi i runga i te "timatanga", fokotu'u mai e i roto i tenei mahi e whakaata ana i te arorangi o Plato me "parau haapiiraa a Pythagoras ...". I roto i tona ako o Euclid faaitehia i ia te ariā o te wāhanga koura (pukapuka 2, 6, me te 13), me te matarau auau (Book 13). Ka rite ki te kaitautoko o Platonism, mohio te pūtaiao e tona "Tīmatatanga" whai wāhi ki te arorangi o Plato me whakaaro whakawhanakehia e ona matua, o te au maite tau e faaite te ao.

Kihai mauruuru kotahi Proclus totoka Platonic me te wāhanga koura. Iogann Kepler (tau o te ora - 1571-1630) he hiahia i roto i a ratou ano. tuhia tenei arorangi Tiamana e kua te āhuahanga e rua taonga - ko te ōwehenga koura (wehenga o te wahi i roto i te waenganui, me te hāngai ana tawhiti) me te ture tauwehe a Pythagoras. Ko te uara o te whakamutunga kua whakaritea o nei ia ki te koura, me te tuatahi - ki te kohatu utu nui. Iogann Kepler whakamahia te Solids Platonic i roto i te hanga o tona whakapae cosmological.

Ko te uara o "Started"

Ko te pukapuka "Tīmata" - ko te mahi matua, hanga nei e Euclid. Ko te haurongo o tenei kaiputaiao, o te akoranga, tuhia me ētahi atu mahi, e whakaahua tatou i muri i roto i te tuhinga. Me kï reira e te mahi i huaina "Tīmata", i whakatakotoria atu nga meka nui katoa o tauhanga ariā me te āhuahanga, me haaputuhia e ona matua. Ko tētahi o ratou - Hipokeletisí o Kio, he mathematician e noho i roto i te BC rau 5. e. A Teura (hawhe 2 o te rau tau 4 BC. E.) a Leontes (rau 4 BC. E.) ano i tuhituhi he pukapuka ki taua taitara. Heoi, ki te haerenga mai o Euclidean "tīmata ahau" panaia katoa o enei mahi i roto o te whakamahi. pukapuka o Euclid ko te pukapuka taketake i runga i te āhuahanga hoki i runga i te 2 mano tau. Scientist te hanga tona mahi, te whakamahi i tokomaha o nga whakatutukitanga o tona matua. kua tukatuka Euclid te mōhiohio e wātea ana, me te rauemi kawea tahi.

I roto i tona pukapuka, ka whakarapopototia te kaituhi ake te whanaketanga o pāngarau i roto i Kariki tawhito me kua hanga he turanga totoka mō atu āhuatanga. Ko te hiranga o te mahi matua Euclid mo te ao o te kaupapa, te pāngarau, me te pūtaiao katoa rite te katoa tenei. E riro te reira he ki te whakapono e ko te reira ki te whakapakari i te mysticism o Plato ko Pythagoras i roto i to ratou psevdomirozdanii.

Kua tata tokomaha kaipūtaiao te "timatanga" o Euclid, tae atu Albert Einstein. tuhia e ia e ko he hua mīharo e hoatu te whakaaro tangata ki te whakawhirinaki whaiaro-tika ana mō te mahi anō i tēnei. ka mea a Einstein e kore te he tangata e kore e nei i whakamoemititia i roto i tona tamarikitanga whanau tenei hanga mo te rangahau ariā.

tikanga he pononga

I runga i te tuhipoka motuhake te uara o te mahi o te pūtaiao e hiahia i roto i te whakaaturanga anaana o te tikanga he pononga i roto i tona "Principia" tatou. Tenei tikanga i roto i pāngarau hou ko te nui tino o te hunga e kua whakamahia ki te whakatika ariā. I roto i te rehe, Kei te hoki whakamahia whānuitia reira. Ko te pūtaiao nui Newton hanga te "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o Natural Philosophy" tauira mahi i hanga Euclid.

Haurongo o te pānga ki a tatou haere te kaituhi i runga ki te whakaahua i te tikanga matua o tona mahi matua.

Ko te tikanga matua o te "timatanga"

I roto i te pukapuka "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni" whakatakotoria i roto i pūnahanaha āhuahanga Euclidean. hāngai ana tōna pūnaha fakafekau'aki te i runga i ngā ariā pērā i te waka rererangi, tika, wāhi, kaupapa. Whanaunga e kua whakamahia i roto i reira, te whai ake: "he wāhi kei runga i te raina tika e takoto ana i roto i te manureva" me "Kei wāhi kei waenganui i te tahi atu ngā rua."

Pūnaha nga tikanga o āhuahanga Euclidean, aroaro i roto i te whakaaturanga hou, te tikanga wahia ki te 5 ngā rōpū o axioms: nekehanga, kia, haere tonutanga, me te huinga o te whakarara o Euclid.

aroaro nga pukapuka ma toru o te "timatanga" Scientists me tātai, stereometry, planimetry, te hononga o Eudoxus. Me kï reira e te whakaaturanga i roto i tenei mahi tino deductively. tīmata te whakamāramatanga katoa pukapuka o Euclid, a aru ana te tuatahi o ratou nga axioms me mau marôraa. I tua atu i reira he tono i runga i wehewehe i ngā mahi (te wahi e tika ana e tetahi hanga) a Ariā (te wahi i koe ki te whakamatautau i tetahi mea).

Te kore o te pāngarau o Euclid

Ko te drawback matua ko e kāore tenei kaiputaiao he pononga kakató. No axiom o nekehanga, haere tonutanga kia me. Na reira, maha whai pūtaiao ki te whakawhirinaki i runga i te kanohi, te whakamahi o te pūmanawa. Books 14 me te 15 - he tāpiritanga atu tata ki te mahi, te kaituhi o nei - Euclid. Tona haurongo he poto rawa anake, kia kore koe e taea e te mea no te tino ranei e hanga nga pukapuka tuatahi 13 i te tangata kotahi ranei ko te hua o te mahi ngātahi o te kura, i i arahina e te kaiputaiao.

whanaketanga atu o te pūtaiao

e pā ana te putanga o Euclidean āhuahanga te ki te takanga o whakaaturanga ataata o te ao huri noa ia tatou (te hihi o te marama, totoro kakawaea hei faahoho'araa o ngā rārangi torotika, me te pera i runga i. N.). loloto ange ratou atu, na e reira ko he māramatanga ake waitara o tenei pūtaiao, rite āhuahanga. N. I. Lobachevsky (tau o te ora - 1792-1856) - mathematician Russian nei i hanga i te kitenga nui. tuhia e ia e reira ko te āhuahanga e rerekē i te Euclidean. Kua puta ke te reira i whakaaro pūtaiao, e pā ana ki te wāhi. tahuri te reira i roto i e kore e ratou i te priori. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e kore e taea te whakaaro te āhuahanga whakaturia atu i roto i te "Elements" o Euclid, whakaahua ana te anake nga āhuatanga o te wāhi e haaati nei ia tatou. whakakitea whanaketanga o te pūtaiao taiao (rawa tātai arorangi me te ahupūngao) e whakaahua ana te reira i te hanganga anake ki te tetahi tika. I tua atu, e kore e taea te tono i te reira ki te wāhi katoa rite te katoa. āhuahanga Euclidean - ko te huarahi tuatahi ki te māramatanga me te whakaahuatanga o tona hanganga tenei.

E te ara, i fakamamahi Lobachevsky whakarau. kihai i whakaae ia i roto i te ao pūtaiao mō ratou whakaaro maia. Heoi, kihai i te pakanga o te pūtaiao i roto i noa. Ko te whakamanamana o te mau mana'oi horo'ahia i Lobachevsky, Gauss, tona reta i whakaputaina i roto i te tau 1860. I roto i nga pukapuka i reira nga arotake rave e pā ana ki te pūtaiao Lobachevsky āhuahanga.

Ētahi atu mahi Euclid

Great moni i roto i to tatou wa ko te haurongo o Euclid rite te kaipūtaiao. I roto i te pāngarau, i hanga e ia ngā āhuatanga nui. whakapumautia tenei e te meka e mai 1482 kua neke atu i te rima rau pukapuka i roto i te reo rerekē "te timatanga" pukapuka. Heoi, tohua te haurongo o mathematician Euclid te te hanga e kore anake o tenei pukapuka. nona e ia he maha o mahi i runga i optics, tātai arorangi, arorau, waiata. Ko tētahi o ratou - te pukapuka "Raraunga", e whakaahua ana i te tikanga e hanga i taua taea ki te whakaaro "ki" tenei e whakapakoko maximal pāngarau ranei. Ētahi atu mahi Euclid - pukapuka i runga i optics, e kei ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te heke mai. E tatou hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao i tuhituhi te tuhinga roa me catoptrics (whakatakotoria ia i roto i tenei mahi i te ariā o distortions puta i roto i te whakaata). Mohiotia me pukapuka Euclid i huaina "wehenga o tau." Mahi i roto i te pāngarau "te fakamulituku teka", kāore, kua kore i ora.

Na, i te whakatau koe taua pūtaiao nui rite Euclid. haurongo Poto o ia, te tūmanako, kia whai hua ki a koutou.