He aha ngā te i roto i te huka DNA? turanga Chemical o te hanganga DNA

Kia pehea te mīharo ki te mataara pēhea te rite ki tahi e te tahi e te mau metua, me ngā tamariki. Ranei, i runga i te anga ke, tino rerekē i, me teina, me tuahine, a i mama me te papa. Te aha e tupu te reira, a he aha te whakawhirinaki i te reira? He aha ngā hanganga e kawenga mō te tiaki, whakatōpū, whakawhiti me te whakapuaki o ngā tohu i roto i te uri i to ratou mau metua?

E tūranga no ki te waikawa karihi e hanga pūira. E he rāpoi ngota e mahi nga mahi o ngā tukanga katoa e pā ana ki te whakapapa me te rerekētanga ratou. tūturu Special mō tenei no ki rāpoi ngota DNA.

History o te kitea o waikawa karihi

e kore hoki te wa roa e pā ana ki enei rāpoi ngota e mohiotia. Heoi, i roto i te tau 1869, i kitea he pūtaiao i rangahau Miescher he ranunga o te DNA me te RNA, a ka i taea e ki te whakapumautia e no ratou ki te waikawa. i ia tenei e ako ma ngā pūtau toto i roto i te pirau.

Mai ka timata ako kaha o enei pūhui. Kua tamata maha kaipūtaiao ki te whakatau i te hanganga matū o te DNA me te RNA. Hei matau ratou natura, te hanga me te āhua o te tūranga koiora. He takoha nui ki tenei i hanga e taua iwi rite:

• A. N. Belozersky.
• Thomas Morgan.
• K. Bridges.
• A. Meller.
• G. de Vries.
• A. Sturtevant.
• G. A. Nadson.
• A. S. Serebrovsky.
• NP Dubinin.
• TS Filippov me ētahi atu.

I roto i te wā i 1900 ki te i tenei ra kua haamaramarama te reira i te natura o waikawa karihi, turanga matū o hanganga DNA, ona āhuatanga, me te faufaa koiora. Kua oti ngā āhuatanga hanga, tuku ki a tatou whakaaro i tenei pūtake ao rāpoi ngota o te ora katoa.

Kua tukua rangahau i roto i te mara o te iranga ki whakapumautia te hononga i waenganui i te DNA me te pūira genome, ki kīa te waehere ira o maha mea ora. Ko mea nui hoki te māramatanga o te wae kararehe, ona tikanga mahi.

Hoki, kua tāutuhia te hanganga matū o te pūira. I kitea te reira e te pūtake o - te rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi he hanganga motuhake.

DNA: āhuatanga whānui

Ki tonu ingoa whakarāpopototanga tuhinga - waikawa deoxyribonucleic. Me ki tenei waikawa RNA e pā ana ki te maha o te karihi. Riro mai tona ingoa no te mea o te DNA tomo te huka. Ko tōna ingoa - deoxyribose.

Ko te hanganga matū o te DNA ko RNA he rawa rite, te rerekētanga rite te wa matua i roto i te warowaihā hanga rāpoi ngota. I roto i te RNA he ribose.

I roto i te whānui, i te rāpoi ngota waikawa deoxyribonucleic ko te macromolecule matatini rua paea he taimaha o te hanganga nui, me te momo rāpoi. Na reira, te nuinga o nga pūhui o te whakapakoko whakairoiro e te ahua o e rua ngā whenu, nga kaupae hake ngā - here.

I roto i te 1953, i taea e ki te whakapuaki tino te hanganga ā-me te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota, i ko o faufaa nui mo te katoa o te koiora rāpoi, me te pūtaiao i roto i te whānui Chargaff me ana hoa. ka te reira i kitea e i roto i te huka e rima-waro ngā turanga DNA (pentose), purine me pyrimidine turanga, me ngā toenga waikawa orthophosphoric.

Ko taea e kore anake ki te e kīa atu te hanganga rawa o te pūhui, engari ano hoki ki te ako i te āhuatanga, tinana, me te matū. I tangohia te tūranga koiora me te hiranga mo te rauropi rite te faufaa, ao, me te motuhake mo ia taonga.

hanganga matū

Ki te tohu i roto hanganga ngota, me te rāpoi o te rāpoi ngota waikawa karihi, he reira taea ki te tāutu i te maha o ngā momo taketake o pūhui:

• pentose - deoxyribose (warowaihā ko he hukatahi);
• turanga organic - purine (adenine me guanine) pyrimidine (cytosine me thymine);
• toenga waikawa phosphoric ki here free.

Tenei, i roto i te whānui, turanga matū katoa o te hanganga DNA. Ko tētahi atu mea, ko te e kore te mea ngāwari te huinga o enei wāhanga katoa, engari ko te he tukanga matatini, me te ahurei. Ko te kupu, tūhonohono deoxyribose, turanga me te toenga waikawa pararopi tahi hanga he nucleotide. Ko tetahi o nga raupapa nucleotide, me te whakawhanake i te hanganga katoa o te rāpoi ngota rite te katoa.

Unique Ko te raupapa i roto i nei e te turanga organic kia kei tetahi i muri i te tahi atu, me te i roto i te pā ana ki te mekameka pātata. hangaia te raupapa nucleotide i rite ki etahi parau tumu, upoko i roto i te kïnakitanga (purine rite tino me wāhanga pyrimidine). taea tenei nga tangata ki te whai i ona waehere ira, he ahurei, kowhatu, me te hohonu-motuhake.

whakakitea tohuāhua te i roto i te puka o te tauatanga o ngā āhuatanga tino rerekē, i roto i taua i reira e kore te iwi e rua ōrite (anake mahanga ōrite), te āhuatanga motuhake o te ahua.

Ko te hanganga o DNA ngā tetahi huka?

Ko te pūtake o tetahi mea organic - he ngota waro mekameka. e kore te mea he okotahi te rāpoi ngota pītauira. I muri i tomo katoa o te DNA huka, ara, ngā reira o te raupapa o ngā ngota waro e rima, ngā i roto i te hanganga huringa. haukotia tēnei rāpoi ngota taua e te piriti hāora i roto i te huringa whānui.

Ua faaite te hanganga matū o te huka e te tātai tëtehi e whai ake nei: C ₅ H ₁₀ e _4. Tenei rāpoi ngota - aldopentoza ngā rima ngota waro, whiri ki te koropiko. I tua atu, tetahi o te ngota i roto i te mekameka hei utu o te rōpū hydroxyl anake kei hauwai, reira i reira ko te kuhimua pērā i "deoxy" i roto i te taitara huka, i.e., kahore te hāora.

I kitea te hanganga matū o te huka, me te ako Fibusom Lieven, nana nei i whakatitiro te hanganga katoa, me te āhua matū o te pūhui i roto i te tau 1929.

Base i roto i te rāpoi ngota

E taea te wehea turanga Organic wahi o te waikawa karihi DNA ki e rua ngā rōpū matua.

1. Purine - hanganga matatini i hanga e rua o te huringa carbon - he rima-membered me ono-membered. Ko ētahi o ēnei adenine me guanine, e e tautoko ki te turanga pyrimidine titoa o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic.
2. Pyrimidine - ono-membered mowhiti waro. Kei roto i tēnei thymine me cytosine.

Ko te kupu, puta reira e wahi o te huka DNA me te turanga hono ki tetahi ki tetahi, me te hono i ngā hononga ki te tuwhena o te waikawa phosphoric. Katoa tahi tahuri reira nucleotide. herea te hanganga whānui o nucleotides rāpoi ngota pītauira rua-paea roto ratou rite ki te tikanga o te kïnakitanga: hāngai turanga adenine ki thymine, guanine me - cytosine.

Ngā momo o here i waenganui i te matūriki

Ko te momo matua o te whanaungatanga i waenganui i ngā hanganga DNA wae e whai ake:

• hauwai;
• kotuari pākoki;
• ope intermolecular o attraction;
• Vahan der Waal pāhekoheko.

Tenei taea koe ki rua-paea hanganga tīariari i roto i toru conformations:

• tuatahi - raupapa rārangi o nucleotides;
• Tuarua - ia ngangana helically whiri me rua i muri ki tahi i te tahi;
• tuatoru - globule conformational matatini kaha te rāpoi ngota helical.

Ko te kupu te meka e te wahi o te DNA tomo nga toenga huka, turanga, me te waikawa ko te pūtake o tona hanganga, me te oneone mo te whakatinanatanga o te maha o taunekeneke me te hanganga o here matū.

uara DNA mō kaiao

He maha ngā ngā tino nui:

1. Rāpoi ngota whakaaro waikawa e ngā i roto i te hanganga matū o te pūira e whakatau i te tuakiri o kaiao ora katoa.
2. DNA - te pūtake o te ariā o mekameka polypeptide matatini kawenga mō te waehere me te tuku o huru tuku.
3. waikawa deoxyribonucleic - turanga mo te tuhi, i.e. kōtuitanga RNA tuatahi, te pūmua muri.

Taua tukanga tupu i roto i rauropi katoa. Tenei taea tenei hanganga i huaina wae ao o nga mea ora katoa.

Replicating rāpoi ngota

tohu ana tēnei tukanga te tuaruatia ai o te rāpoi ngota pītauira, puta noa ki te whakapaunga o te pūngao i roto i ngā kaiao ora. Ko te wāhanga matua i roto i tenei take - DNA polymerase, he catalyzing whākōkī, me te whakahaere i te kōtuitui katoa.

wāhi tukuruatanga Ko e ia o nga whenu o te rāpoi ngota wehea me kua rererua tona raupapa rārangi. hua te tukanga hua rāpoi rua hou DNA ia o nei kei roto i te mekameka polypeptide kotahi tawhito, me te tuarua rawa hou, hanga rite ki te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga.

Uara Tukanga - ki te whakarato i te uri o te mōhiohio ā-ira i roto i te taatoaraa.