Ko te hanganga o DNA ngā o ... matū hanganga o DNA

Kua miharo tonu tokomaha te iwi he aha etahi tohu e wātea ana ki te mau metua hoatu te tamaiti (hei tauira, tae kanohi, makawe, āhua mata, me ētahi atu). Kua Pūtaiao Kua kï e tei te āhuatanga whakawhiti i runga i te rauemi ira, DNA ranei.

He aha te mea DNA?

I tēnei wā, i raro i te waikawa deoxyribonucleic mahino pūhui matatini e te kawenga mō te tuku o ngā āhuatanga tuku. Tenei rāpoi ngota kitea i roto i nga pūtau o to tatou tinana. programmed te reira i te āhuatanga matua o to tatou tinana (mo te whanaketanga o te huru hāngai ki te pūmua motuhake).

He aha e ngā reira o? Ko te hanganga o DNA ngā o pūhui matatini - nucleotides. Na roto i te poraka auraa te nucleotide pūhui paku he i roto i tona hanganga te turanga nitrogenous, te toenga ranei o te waikawa phosphoric me te huka (i roto i tenei take - deoxyribose).

DNA Ko te rāpoi ngota paea rua, ai ia o nga iahiko hono ki te tahi atu i roto i nga turanga hauota o te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga.

I tua atu, e taea ana te kī reira e i roto i te DNA ngā ira - raupapa nucleotide motuhake kawenga mō te kōtuitanga pūmua. He aha e nga āhuatanga matū o te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic ko?

nucleotide

Ka rite ki whakahuatia, te wae hanganga taketake o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic ko te nucleotide. Ko tenei he hinonga matatini. Composition o te nucleotide DNA e whai ake nei.

I roto i te pokapū, ko te rima-wae huka nucleotide (deoxyribose i roto i te DNA ko i te rerekē ki te RNA, e kei ribose). Ki reira honoa te te turanga nitrogenous, taratahi nei te 5 ngā momo: adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil me cytosine. I tua atu, tito ia nucleotide te o me te waikawa toenga phosphoric.

Ko te hanganga o DNA ngā o anake aua nucleotides e whai i te wae hanganga tohu.

Kua whakaritea nucleotides katoa i roto i te mekameka me te whai tahi i te tahi. Whakarōpū o te demoni oia (e toru nucleotides), i whai ahua ai ratou he raupapa i roto i nei ia triplet ōrite ki te waikawa ngā amino. Ko te hua ko te mekameka.

huihui ratou i roto i ngā hononga o turanga hauota. Ko te hononga taketake i waenganui i iahiko nucleotides whakarara - hauwai.

raupapa nucleotide Ko te pūtake o ira. Tūkinotanga i roto i to ratou hanganga, ārahi ki te kore i roto i te ariā o te pūmua, me te putanga o irakētanga. Ko te hanganga o DNA ngā o te taua ira e whakatau tata iwi katoa, me te wehe i ratou i te tahi atu rauropi.

whakarerekētanga o te nucleotide

I roto i ētahi wā, e whakamahia ana hoki te whakawhiti atu pūmau o te whakarerekētanga huru o te turanga nitrogenous te. whakarerekētia te hanganga matū o te DNA e tāpiritanga o te rōpū methyl (CH3). Taua whakarerekē (kotahi nucleotide) taea ki te ū ira kīanga me ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti ngā pūtau tamahine.

e kore e tenei "whakapai ake" o te hanganga rāpoi pā te rōpū o turanga nitrogenous.

whakamahia ana tēnei whakarerekētanga i te X-pūira inactivation. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga Barr tinana.

I roto i te take o nui haere tātaritanga carcinogenesis DNA whakaatu i waiho i raro i te mekameka o nucleotides ki methylation i runga i substrates maha. I roto i te akoranga observational, i kitea ai e te puna o te irakētanga ko te tikanga he cytosine mewaro. Ka taea e te nuinga tukanga demethylation i roto i puku whakatairanga i te tukanga mutu, engari e tika ana ki tona matatini, e kore te tenei tauhohenga kawea i roto i.

Ko te hanganga o te DNA

I roto i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota e rua ngā momo o ngā hanganga. Ko te momo tuatahi - he raupapa rārangi o nucleotides i hanga. Ko te kaupapa ki etahi ture ratou hanganga. Tuhi i te nucleotide rāpoi ngota pītauira tīmata ki te 5'-terminus me 3'-terminus mutu. Ko te ara iahiko tuarua kei i runga i te anga ke, kua hangaia i roto i te tikanga taua, anake i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota e mokowā ritenga tetahi ki tetahi, kei ai te te 5'-terminus o tetahi mekameka ritenga te-mutunga 3'o te tuarua.

helix - DNA hanganga tuarua. Meinga e te aroaro o here hauwai e kopikopiko ana i waenganui i hoariri nucleotides. Te here hauwai i hanga te (thymine anake, guanine me te rerekē e taea kia hoki tauira, i te ritenga atu te adenine whenu tuatahi - uracil cytosine ranei) i waenganui i tautoko turanga nitrogenous. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te hanga o te rua o nga ara iahiko e wahi i runga i te pūtake o te tuatahi, kia waenganui i nga turanga nitrogenous reira he ōritenga peheé tika.

Ko te ariā o te rāpoi ngota

Kia pehea te e hanga e te rāpoi ngota pītauira?

I roto i te huringa o tona hanganga e toru ngā wāhanga:

• iahiko momotunga.
• Rironga synthesizing wae ki tetahi o nga mekameka.
• Toronga i te rua te ara iahiko rite ki te parau tumu o te kïnakitanga.

I te wā o te wehenga o ngā rāpoi ngota te nuinga e whākōkī - DNA gyrase. E arotahi ana ēnei whākōkī i runga i te whakangaromanga o te hauwai here i waenganui i te mekameka.

I muri mekameka hahiraa mai i roto i te paru synthesizing taketake - DNA polymerase. kitea Ko tōna pipiki te i runga i te pae 5 '. Next, Kei te neke te whākōkī ki te-mutunga 3', te wā kotahi āpiti te nucleotides e hiahiatia ana ki e tika ana nga turanga nitrogenous. I muri pa i te awhe tomu'a (Terminator) i mutunga te 3 ', momotuhia polymerase chain te i te pūtake.

Kia i hanga iahiko āpiti i waenga i te turanga hanga here hauwai, me e mau te rāpoi ngota pītauira hou i hanga.

Hea e taea kitea e ahau i tenei rāpoi ngota?

Ki te ruku koe ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau me te kopa, e taea te kite i te reira e te nuinga kitea te DNA i roto i te karihi pūtau. Ko te pata te kawenga mō te hanganga o āpiti hou, pūtau ranei ratou iramate. Ko te kupu mōhiohio iranga tapae reira, wehea te i waenganui i te pūtau hou i hanga kaupae (hangaia iramate) wāhanga ranei (maha hei maharatanga he āhuatanga pēnei i roto i te whāiti pūira). Ko te hinganga o te hua matua i roto i te ofatiraa o te hanganga o te kiko hou, e tika ana ki te irakētanga.

I roto i te tua, he momo motuhake o te rauemi tuku i roto i roto i te pungaraungao. DNA ratou ahua rerekē i taua i roto i te karihi (waikawa deoxyribonucleic punaraungao he āhua annular me mahi e rave rahi atu mahi).

Rāpoi ngota ano e taea te herea ki tetahi pūtau o te tinana (mō te ako o te ūkuia tino whakamahia nuitia i te roto o te paparinga toto ranei). No rauemi ira anake i roto i te epithelium exfoliates me etahi pūtau toto (erythrocytes).

mahi

Ko te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota pītauira whakatau te mahi o tona mahi tuku raraunga i whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te ariā o te etahi pūmua e arahi ki te whakakitenga o te tohuira (ā) tohuāhua ranei (waho - hei tauira, tae o kanohi makawe ranei) āhuatanga.

kawea te tuku o te mōhiohio i roto i roto i te whakatinanatanga o tona waehere ira. I runga i te pūtake o te raraunga whakamunatia i roto i te waehere ira, i reira te mea he whanaketanga o ngā mōhiohio motuhake, ribosomal me te whakawhiti RNA. Ia o ratou he haepapa hoki he mahi motuhake - whakamahia anahera RNA te ki synthesize pūmua whai wāhi i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua ribosomal huihui, a ka hanga he e ōrite ana pūmua waka.

Tetahi kore i roto i to ratou mahi hanganga ranei huringa arata'i ki te rangirua o te mahi i mahi, me te ahua o ngā āhuatanga mohiotia (irakētanga).

DNA matuatanga whakamātautau ki te whakatau i te aroaro o ngā tohu e pā ana i roto i te iwi.

whakamātautau ira

He aha inaianei taea te whakamahi i te ako o te rauemi ira?

whakamahia tātaritanga DNA te ki te whakatau i te maha o ngā āhuatanga huringa ranei i roto i te rauropi.

Ko te ako tuatahi ki te whakatau i te aroaro o congenital, mate riro. Taua mate ngā Down syndrome, autism, Marfan syndrome.

taea hoki te ako ki te whakatau whanaungatanga DNA. Kua roa kua whānui whakamātautau matuatanga i tokomaha, matua ture, ngā tukanga. whakaritea ana tēnei ako te mō te whakatau i te hononga ira i waenganui i ngā tamariki poriro. E mea pinepine tenei kaitono whakamātautau haere i runga i te wahi tupu i roto i te hui o ngā raruraru ki te mana.