Hanganga, Mātauranga Tuarua me ngā kura
He aha te mea he tapawha? Me pēhea te ki te kitea akitū motu whārite plane, rōrahi me te tapuwae o te koki tapawha?
Pahonoraa ki te pātai e pā ana ki te mea ko te tapawha, e taea te whakaturia. Te reira i katoa tei runga ki i whakatutuki nei e koe i tenei take. ta te kaiwhakatangitangi e te tapawha - he 4, 8, 16, 32 tutaki jazz ranei hangatanga. Ko te tamaiti - te reira i te kēmu ki te pōro makasini o te tamariki ranei. Ka tukua atu te pūreretā koe ki te ako te rahi momotuhi, me te taputapu - momo maitai-kōtaha.
He maha atu ngā uara i roto i tenei kupu, engari i tenei ra ka ui tatou i te uiraa o te pāngarau. Na ...
Kia ki tenei ahua, tatou ka āta, i ohie ki matatini, me te tīmata ki te hītori o te tapawha. Ka rite ki puta ia, kia rite ki mohio a e tangata, pūtaiao i whenua rerekē me u'i?
Ko te hītori o te ako o te tapawha
Ka kite te ao tawhito te tapawha, te nuinga rite nga ngā faariro i wha. I roto i te whānui, ahakoa nga quads maha, noa i te tapawha matua o te tau - wha. Hoki nga Ahiriana me te tapawha Peruvian - te ao katoa, e ko, tohu reira nga ahunga matua e whā o te kāpehu.
Ahakoa te ao, ko te rite te tapawha, wehea ano ki wha nga wahi - te kite o Amerika Te Tai Tokerau. Hoki nga Celt, te ao - he reira rite nui rite toru tapawha, ratou ohanga, me i te pokapū o te awa e wha rere (!). Na koropiko ana nga Ihipiana katoa tenei ahua!
whakaahuatia Tuatahi e tātai pāngarau Kariki tapawha. Ko mo ratou, He āhuatanga kino anake tenei taparau. kihai i Pythagoras rite tau noa, te kitenga o ratou rite ngoikore, me te wahine.
Ahakoa haapaoraa tapawha reira. I roto i Ihirama, te Kaaba - te pito o te whenua - e kore ko etahi porohita, ara he āhua pūtoru.
I roto i India, te grapheme matua e tohu whenua, tohu te whenua ranei, i bapetizo-tapawha. Ano, kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te ngā faariro i wha, nga rohe e wha o te whenua.
I roto i Haina, te tapawha - he au maite ao, me te kia. patua hepohepo te whare tapawha Whakarerekē. He tapawha tuhituhi i roto i te porohita, ko te pūtake o te kitenga i te ao, tohu te kotahitanga me te hononga o nga hanganga me te whenua.
Etene Russia - Square Svarog. Kei te karanga a hoki tenei tohu Svarog Star ranei Star o Russia. Ko te tino uaua, rite hanga ake o pūtahi me te rārangi kati. Svarog - atua o parakimete, te kaihanga matua, te kaihanga me te rangi ano i roto i te whakaaturanga o Rus. Tenei tohu Ko te whakarara rite, korero ano nei o te whenua, me ona taha e wha. Na te whetu ki wha hihi - 4 pito o te whenua, Lika Svaroga 4 - tona tokaima'ananga. He pūtahitanga ray - pokapū.
meka Interesting e pā ana ki te tapawha
Ko te parau tino rongonui e tae mai ki te ngakau o to tatou protagonist - "Black Square".
Ko te tino rongonui tonu pikitia o Malevich. Ko te kaituhi i muri i tona hanga roa kua tukua te pātai o te mea ko taua mea me te aha he tapawha pango ohie i runga i te papamuri ma na kumea whakarongo ki ano.
Otiia ki te tango koe i te titiro tata, ka kite koutou e kore he maheni te manureva tapawha, a i roto i nga kapiti o te waituhi pango ko te huinga o atarangi maha-tae. Te āhua, i roto i te timatanga i reira ko tetahi tetahi hanganga, e kihai i rite ki te kaituhi, a ka katia e ia i te reira i to tatou kanohi ki tenei ahua. tapawhā Black rite tetahi mea - he poka pango, anake te āhua tapawha makutu. mohiotia te kau ki te kukume ...
Tetahi atu tino rongonui "tapawhā makutu". I roto i te meka ko reira - he tepu, o te akoranga, ki tonu te tapawha ki te tau i roto i ia tīwae. Ko te moni o enei tau ko te taua hoki rarangi katoa, tīwae, me hauroki (motuhake). Ki te whakakorea te hauroki i te whārite, te tapawha - semimagic.
Albrecht Dürer i 1514 i hanga te peita "Melancholia ahau", i whakaaturia te tapawha 4x4 magic. huihuia te reira o nga tau o tīwae, rarangi, hauroki, a tae noa te marae, ko te toru tekau-wha.
I runga i te pūtake o enei papa nga puzzle rawa ngā me te rongonui - "Sudoku".
ko nga Ihipiana te tuatahi ki te kawe i roto i te tau aho ngatahi (rā o te whanau) me huru, āheinga, me mau taleni o te tangata. ka mau a Pythagoras tenei matauranga, torutoru tukatuka me whakanohoia i roto i te tapawha. Ko te hua ko te tapawha o Pythagoras.
He he wāhi motuhake i roto i te numerology. Mai i te rā o te whanau o te tangata Tātaihia mā te tāpiri i te tau matua e whā e kua whakanohoia i roto i Pythagoras Square (tapawha). Na whakatakotoria atu te mōhiohio huna katoa e pā ana ki to koutou pūngao, hauora, taranata, waimarie, ngākau me te tahi atu mau mea i runga i te whata. I te toharite, te tika o te rangahau, ko te 60% -80%.
He aha te mea he tapawha?
ka karanga Square te ahua āhuahanga. tapawha āhua - tapawhā, e he taha e rite me koki. More ïa, ka karanga tika te quadrangle.
He ona tohu te tapawha. Ko ratou:
- taha o te roa rite;
- rite koki i waenganui i a ratou ano - tika (90 nekehanga).
No te mea o enei āhuatanga, me ngā āhuatanga o te porowhita tapawha taea te tuhia, ka whakaahua ai a tawhio noa ia ia. Ko te porohita circumscribed he pātapa ki te katoa o ona akitū tuhituhia - te waenganui o ona taha. Ka hāngai ratou arotahi ki te pokapū o te tapawha me ka faaite katoa tona hauroki i te hawhe. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, he rite, me te wehe i te koki o te tapawha ki nga wahi e rite ana.
Ko tētahi hauroki tuwhatuwhaia te tapawha ki e rua waerite tapatoru, te rua - ki te wha.
Ko te kupu, ki te te roa o nga taha o te tapawha - t, te roa o te pūtoro o te porowhita circumscribed - R, me he tuhituhi - r, ka
- he wāhi turanga tapawha rohe tapawha (S) ranei he rite ki S = t 2 = 2R 2 = 4r 2;
- kia te P paenga tapawha kia tātai e te tātai P = 4t = 4√2R = 8r;
- te roa o te pūtoro o te porowhita R = (√2 / 2) t;
- tuhituhi - r = t / 2.
He wāhi turanga tapawha he tonu taea ki te tātai, i mohio tona taha (he) i te roa o tona hauroki (c) ranei, ka ka puta aua te tātai: S = te 2 me te S = 1 / 2c 2.
He aha te mea te tapawha, e kitea e matou. Kia tango o te titiro i te kōrero, no te mea ko te ahua o te tapawha te tapawhā hangarite. E ia e rima titaha o hangarite, me tetahi (tuawha-raupapa) haere i roto i te pokapū, me te he hāngai ki te waka rererangi o te tapawha, me etahi atu e wha - tuaka hangarite, kino, e rua o ratou he whakarara ki te taha, me te rua atu haere i roto i te hauroki o te tapawhā.
Methods o hanga he tapawha
I runga i te whakamāramatanga, te mea te reira e kahore he mea māmā atu i ki te hanga i te tapawha tino. Ko te pono tenei, engari ki runga ki te huru e whai koe i te taputapu katoa inenga. A, ki te kahore he wātea te tahi mea?
Kia titiro a ki te tikanga ngā, e e te tauturu ia tatou ki te hanga i tēnei ahua.
Ine rangatira me whakaturia tapawha - ko nga taputapu matua i roto i nei e taea e koe te nuinga māmā hanga he tapawha enei.
I te tuatahi, tohu te pūwāhi, mea te, ka hanga matou i runga i te reira i te turanga tapawha.
Mā te whakamahi i te rangatira, peka i reira ki te tika i te tawhiti rite ki te roa o te taha, hei tauira 30 mm, ka whakaturia te B. pūwāhi
Na, i nga ngā e rua, swipe whakamahi perpendiculars gon ake ki te 30 mm ia. I nga pito o nga perpendiculars whakaritea ngā C me D, e kua hono ki tahi i te tahi, mā te whakamahi i te rangatira - ABCD tapawha katoa ki te taha rite 30 mm!
Mā te whakamahi i te rangatira me te ine, ko te hoki rawa ngāwari ki te hanga i te tapawha. Tīmata, pera i roto i te take o mua i roto i ngā, hei tauira N, peka i tona wā whakapae, hei tauira 50 mm. Kuhua te pūwāhi O.
Na te pokapū o te ine hono ki te wāhi H, te pouakataki i roto i te koki 0 90, therethrough me te wāhanga poutū wāhi H hanga 50 mm i tona mutunga ki te wāhi P. I tua atu, i roto i tenei ara hanga te toru o nga wāhanga i te e pūwāhi i te koki o 90 0 o 50 mm, kia mutu ai wāhi P. Connect nga ira R me R. kua tahuri koe OGMF tapawha ki te roa te taha 50 mm o.
Ko taea ki te hanga i te tapawha, te whakamahi i te kāpehu anake, me te-hangatonu. Ki te whai koe i te rahi nui o te tapawha me te mohiotia hoki te roa o te taha, e hiahia reira atu, me te tātaitai.
Na, hoatu te E wāhi tuatahi - ka waiho tenei reira o nga akitū o te tapawha. Next, tīpako i te tauwāhi te wahi e kia tū reira ritenga akitu F, arā tatari matuku hauroki koutou ahua. Ki te hanga e koe i te tapawha i roto i te rahi, ki te roa o te taha, tātai te roa o te hauroki o te tātai:
d = √2 * he, i reira he - roa taha.
Kia matau koe ki te roa o te roa hauroki o te matuku hanga tenei uara. Mai i wāhi E ki te caliper i te aronga o te pūwāhi F utu i te porowhita o pūtoro matuku. I te anga ke, i te F pūwāhi - porowhita ki te wāhi E, te pūtoro taua. Na roto i te wāhi pūtahitanga o enei āhua-porowhita, mā te whakamahi i te rangatira, te utu i te hono wāhanga. Matuku ko GI whakawhiti i koki matau me he hauroki te heke mai o te tapawha. Tūhono i te ira UOM, IL, ZHZ me WE ki te rangatira, ka riro koutou he EIZHZ tapawha tuhituhi.
He aha e nga tapawhā?
Tapawha - he ahua mārama me tino iti o ratou whakamāramatanga, na nga momo o tapawhā kore e rerekē te kanorau.
kite te āhuahanga Euclidean tapawha te atu whānui - he tapawhā ki taha rite me koki, engari e kore e te te tohu o te koki i tohua. Te tikanga o tēnei e kia te koki 120 nekehanga ( "ohu nei" tapawha), me, mo te tauira, 72 nekehanga ( "kōpapa" tapawha).
Ki te ui koe te mea ko te tapawha i roto i te āhuahanga pūtaiao ranei, ka korerotia e ratou ki a koutou e - ko reira he kauwhata oti planar ranei (tīwae K 1 i roto i K 4). A te reira tino pono. He akitū me tapa te tatau. A, no te whiwhi ake i ratou i roto i te rua whakahau, i whai ahua ai te kauwhata. Ko te maha o akitū - ko te tikanga o te kauwhata, te maha o ngā tapa tenei - tona rahi. Ko te kupu, ko te tapawha - he kauwhata planar ki wha akitū me ono taha, K 4 ranei: 6.
taha o te tapawhā
Ko te tino nui hoki te whānuitanga o ngā tātaitanga hanga te taha - Ko tētahi o nga tikanga matua mo te oraraa o te tapawha - te aroaro o taha rite-roa. Ko te wa taua whakarato i maha huarahi ki te roa taha tapawha i tatau i roto i te aroaro o te whānui o ngā raraunga pūtake momo.
Na, me pehea ki te kitea te uara o te tapawha?
- Ki te matau koutou ki te roa anake o te hauroki o te tapawhā d, ka taea e koe te tātai i te aronga o te tātai e whai ake nei: he = d / √2.
- Ko te diameter o te porowhita tuhituhia ko te taha o te tapawhā me, reira, rua te pūtoro, e ko: he = D = 2R.
- Ka taea hoki te pūtoro o te porowhita te āwhina feruri i roto i te mea ko te taha o te tapawha. Ka taea e kitea e tatou te pūtoro R he diameter D, e, i roto i te tahuri, he rite ki te hauroki o te tapawha d, me te tātai hoki i te hauroki o te tapawhā i roto i ta tatou e mohio: he = D / √2 = d / √2 = 2R / √2.
- Mai i te ōritetanga o te reira fakahu'unga e ako taha o te tapawha (he) he taea i te tikanga o tona P paenga me te wāhi S: he = √S = P / 4.
- Ki te matau ana tatou ki te roa o te aho e haere ana i te kokonga o te tapawha me whakawhiti te waenganui o ona pātata taha C, kia hoki te tatou taea ki te kitea i roto i te mea ko te roa o te taha o te tapawha: he = 2c / √5.
Ko te pehea maha ara i reira e kia kite i te taua tawhā nui rite te roa o te tapawhā.
tapawha rōrahi
Ko te kīanga iho he heahea. He aha te mea he tapawha? Ko te ahua rererangi ia e rua anake ngā tawhā tenei - te roa me te whanui. Na te rōrahi? Ko te kiripuaki ine o te wāhi nohoia e te ahanoa tenei, e ko, e taea te tātai te reira i anake i roto i te tinana rōrahi.
Karapotia te tinana, katoa o he tapawhā nei mata - te kupiki. Ahakoa te rerekētanga nui, me te faufaa, maha tamata ākonga ki te tātai i te rōrahi o te tapawha. Ki te manuïa o reira tangata, ngā te Nobel te.
A ki te kitea i roto i te rōrahi o te V mataono, he reira rawaka ki te tini e toru katoa o tona rara - he, b, c: V = he * b * c. A mai he ratou i te whakamāramatanga rite, kia titiro rerekē te tātai: V = te 3.
Uara wahi me ngā āhuatanga
Te tapawha, me te tetahi taparau, i reira ko te tihi - ko te wāhi tenei i ai te ripeka o ia. Ko te tihi o te takoto tapawha i runga i te porohita whakaahuatia a tawhio reira. Na roto i te pokapū runga o te tapawha i roto i te hauroki whakawhānui, i te mea ano hoki te weherua me te pūtoro o te porowhita circumscribed.
Mai te tapawha - he ahua papatahi, ka tapahia, ka hanga e kore e taea te-wāhanga ripeka tapawha. Engari kia mau ai ki te hua o te pūtahitanga o maha rererangi tinana mōmona. Hei tauira, he rango. wāhanga Axial o te rango - he tapawhā tapawha ranei. Ahakoa tapawha taea tupu i te pūtahitanga o te waka rererangi o te tinana i tetahi koki!
Ko te tapawha reira ko tetahi huru ki te wāhanga ripeka, engari e kore e ki etahi, engari ki te wāhanga koura.
E matau ana tatou katoa e te Ratio Golden - he ōwehenga i roto i nei pā ana tetahi uara ki tetahi me te ratou moni ki te uara nui. I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, tenei ōrau ko e whai ake: wehea te uara tohutoro (moni) e 62 me 38 ōrau.
Ae, te tuatahi e hiahia ana koe ki te hanga i te tapawha. ka waiho tona taha rite ki te taha iti o te tapawhā o te heke mai. Na e hiahia ana koe ki te mau i te hauroki o te tapawhā, me te whakamahi i te awhi, te roa o te hauroki ki faataime te tonu o te tapawha. Mai i te wāhi i whiwhi i te pūtahitanga e hanga he tapawhā nei hauroki hanga ano me te faataime tona roa i te taha toronga. Ki te haere tonu koe ki te mahi i runga i tenei kaupapa, ka riro i te tapawhā rawa hihiri.
Ko te ōwehenga o te taha roa ki poto te tapawhā tuatahi ko te 0.7. Ko reira tata 0,68 i roto i te wāhanga koura.
Ko te koki o te tapawha
Mau, he uaua te tahi mea hou ki te mea e pā ana ki te koki. Katoa o nga āhuatanga, he ratou ano tohu o te tapawha, kua whakarārangitia matou. Ko nga koki, e wha o ratou (pera i roto i tetahi quadrangle), ia kokonga o te tapawha - he aho tika, ko e, kua he rahi o iwa tekau nga nekehanga. Na roto i te whakamāramatanga, i reira te mea he tapawha tapawhā. Ki te nga koki o te nui iti ranei - ko te ahua rerekē tenei.
Hauroki o te tapawha te tahuri iho hoki i roto i te hawhe ona koki, arā, ko ratou nga bisectors.
whārite tapawha
Ki te tika ki te tātai i te uara o magnitudes rerekē i roto i te tapawha (roa paenga tapawha o nga taha te hauroki ranei) whakamahi whārite rerekē, e kua ahu mai i te āhuatanga o te tapawha, me nga ture taketake o ngā ture āhuahanga.
1. Whārite rohe tapawha
Mai i ki nga whārite tātai te rohe tapawhā, e matau ana tatou e te reira (te wāhi) ko te hua o te roa, me te whanui. A, kia rite ki te taha tapawha rite i roto i te roa, i te rohe ka waiho reira rite ki te roa o tetahi taha, hanga i roto i te tohu tuarua
S = te 2.
Mā te whakamahi i te ture tauwehe a Pythagoras, ka taea e tatou tātai i te rohe o te tapawha i mohio i te roa o te hauroki.
S = d 2/2.
2. Ko te whārite o te paenga tapawha
Ko te paenga o te tapawhā, me te quadrangles katoa, rite ki te moni o nga roa o ona taha, me mai e te taua katoa, e taea te mea e ratou i te reira e te tapawha o te paenga ko te roa o te wahi, whakanuia e wha
P = te + te + te + te = 4a.
tauturu ano Pythagorean tatou ki te kitea te paenga i roto i te hauroki. He mea tika ki te haafaufaa i te roa hauroki whakanuia e pakiaka e rua o rua
P = 2√2d
3. Whārite hauroki o te tapawhā
Hauroki o te tapawha e rite ki te whakawhiti i koki matau ka wehea te wāhi pūtahitanga o rua.
Ka taea e kitea e ratou e koe i runga i te pūtake o te whārite i runga o te rohe, me te paenga o te tapawhā
d = √2 * he, d = √2S, d = P / 2√2
He huarahi ki te kitea i roto i te mea ko te roa o te hauroki o te tapawhā. Ko te pūtoro o te porowhita tuhituhi i roto i te tapawha ko reira rite ki te hawhe o te hauroki, i konei
d = √2D = 2√2R, te wahi D - diameter, me R - te pūtoro o te porowhita, he mea tuhituhi.
E matau te pūtoro o te porowhita circumscribed, tātai hauroki ara māmā, no te mea ko reira te diameter, i.e. d = D = 2R.
Otiia e kore e wareware i te tapawha - he wahi rererangi, rohe e wha rārangi rīpeka.
Hoki ngā rārangi (me ngā āhua i hanga ki te) i reira e kore e whārite nui rapua e whakaahuatanga atu, engari he mutunga te raina. He iti taparau rārangi pūtahitanga. Hoki ratou e taea ki te whakamahi i whārite rārangi ngā i roto i te tāutu i te rārangi tika. Ko te mea e tika ana ki te whakapūtā tawhā atu, tikanga.
Hei whakatau i te taparau, ko te mea e tika ana ki te hanga i te whārite taua e e kore whakaahua i te aho, engari he wā noho motuhake kahore pokanoa ki atu ngā me ngā whakamārama.
[X / x i] * [ x i / x] * y i - ko te whārite motuhake mō taparau tenei.
Ko te taiapa tapawha i roto i te wāhi reira ki te huru okotahi ko te wahi hautanga o te tau, i te mea, e ti'a ia tatou waiho te tau katoa anake. y i - te mahi i te mea i roto i te whānuitanga o te tawhā x ki x i.
Mā te tenei whārite, ka taea e tatou ahu i te whārite hou ki te tātai i te roa me te aho arā, o te maha wāhanga. Ko te taketake, te ao mō ngā taparau.
Kia mahara e te tapawha - ko reira wahi o te manureva, kia taea te māngai tona whakaahuatanga o te momo y = (x) f, tino maha anake rite te mahi maha-utu, e, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea te faaite i roto i unambiguous ki te tapae ratou parametrically, e ko ti'aturi i runga i te he t tawhā:
x = f (t), y = f (t).
Na, ki te whakamahia i roto i te taha whārite ao, me te kanohi tawhā, he reira tino taea ki te ahu i te whārite mō te faaiteraa o taparau:
x = ((A2 + A3) * A5 + A4 * P) * Koha (L)
y = ((A1 + A4) * A5 + A3 * P) * hara (L),
te wahi
A1 = [1 / [T / P]] * [T / P]; A2 = [2 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 2]; A3 = [3 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 3]; A4 = [4 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 4]; A5 = TP * [T / P],
te wahi P - hauroki o te tapawhā, L - te koki o tokonga ki te whakapae, P hauroki, T - tawhā rerekē i roto i te P ngā ki 5p.
Ki te L = 3,14 / 4, na ka whakaahua i te whārite tapawhā o rerekē te rahi o, i runga i te rahi o te hauroki P. rānei
Ko te whakamahi o te tapawhā
I roto i te ao i teie mahana o te hangarau tukua ki a koe te tāpiri rauemi ngā āhua tapawha, atu ïa te wāhanga ripeka tapawha ranei.
Ko te nuinga o pai tenei, iti, atu roa me te haumaru. Na, mahi inaianei putorino tapawha, puranga, waea (waea), a tae noa te miro tapawha.
He kitea painga matua, i roto i haere mai ratou o te āhuahanga pūmotu. Ki te nui ano o te porowhita tuhituhi o te wāhi tapawha iti atu i te rohe i roto i i tomo reira, no reira, puta mana kohi o te ngongo tapawha o waea tapawha ranei ki te kia teitei ake i taua o nga analogs tawhio.
E mea pinepine Whakapau tapawha atu rerehua, me te ngāwari ki te whakamahi, tāuta, Maunga.
A, no te kōwhiri i enei rauemi he mea nui ki te tātai tika i te tapawha wāhanga-ripeka ki te waea putorino ranei i turia te kawenga e tika ana. I roto i ia take, o te akoranga, ka e hiahiatia tawhā pērā i te kaha o nāianei pēhanga ranei, engari kahore taketake ture āhuahanga o te tapawha kore e taea te mahi i konei. Ahakoa kore te tatau pera nui te rahi o te wāhanga tapawha rite whiriwhiria e te tawhā homai o te tepu whakatakotoria i roto i manuhiri mō ngā ahumahi.
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