Ko te āhuatanga matū o aldehydes: te tauhohe o te whakaata hiriwa

Aldehydes he pärönaki mahi o waiwaro, i roto i nei hanganga i reira ko te rōpū CO (rōpū carbonyl). Hoki aldehydes ohie mama ngā penapena (hītori) ingoa, whakaputaina i te ingoa o ngā waikawa, e kua tahuri ki aldehydes i te piti hāora. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te nomenclature IUPAC, te pūtake mō te tango i te mekameka roa kei roto i te rōpū hāparo-tahi. Tīmata tauanga mekameka pūwaro whakaputaina i te ngota waro o te rōpū carbonyl (CO), e manako ana iho i te tau taitara 1. Ki te mekameka pūwaro matua te tāpiri ki te mutunga o "al". Mai aldegidogruppa kei i te mutunga mekameka, te whika 1, e te tikanga e kore e tuhituhi. Poinanahatanga poinanahatanga te pūhui hakari he tika ki te kōhiwi pūwaro.

Ko te aldehydes whiwhi i roto i te maha ngā huarahi: tukanga OXO, alkynes Hydration, hāora me te dehydrogenation o waiwaihā. Te faaineineraa o aldehydes i ngā waiwaihā tuatahi rapua tikanga motuhake, mai i te hanga matū noa oxidized ki waikawa. taea hoki Aldehydes te synthesized e dehydrating te waiwaihā hāngai i roto i te aroaro o te parahi. Ko tētahi tikanga ahumahi nui mō te whakaputa aldehydes ko te tauhohenga o te kōtuitui OXO, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te tauhohenga o te waiwaro, c0 ko H2 i te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï kei roto Co, i te pāmahana o te 200 nekehanga me te pēhanga o 20 MPa. Tenei puta tauhohenga i roto i te wai ranei i roto i te wāhanga hau rite ki te kaupapa: RCH = CH2 + c0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (CH) 3C0H. Ka taea te rite Aldehydes e waiwaro paparetanga digalogenoproizvodnyh. I roto i te whakakapinga o te ngota kōnakonako i runga i nga rōpū OH o te takawaenga i hanga te pera-ka karanga heme-diol, i te mea iu me te tahuri i roto i te pūhui waikawa ki whakakorenga o H20.

Ko te taonga matū o aldehydes - he whakautu te kounga ki te hiriwa. I roto i te piti hāora e tahuri nga aldehydes ki waikawa (hei tauira, S5N11SON + e - S5N11SOON). I roto i tetahi pukapuka i whakatapua e taea te rapu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te mea kei te whakamahia te whakaata tauhohe hiriwa mo te tāutu o aldehydes. Ka taea te oxidized tēnei rōpū o ngā pūhui matū waro e te mahi o āpiha oxidizing motuhake e kore anake, engari i roto i te rokiroki i raro i te mana o te rangi hāora noa. Ko te noho noa ki i nga aldehydes pitihāoratia ki waikawa tukua ki te whakawhanake i tauhohe kounga (hiriwa whakaata tauhohenga) ki enei pūhui matū waro, e hanga taea reira ki hohoro a āta tāutu i te aroaro o te hāparo-tahi i roto i te otinga i homai.

A, no te tahu ki te otinga ammoniacal o waikura hiriwa ki te hāparo-tahi waikawa oxidized te. A, no te heke tenei te ki hiriwa konganuku me te takoto i runga i te taiepa ngongo rite te paparanga pouri ki te mōhinuhinu āhuatanga - hiriwa whakaata tauhohenga. Me kï reira e reira e maha ngā matū e kore e i pā ana ki aldehydes, engari he nehenehe o tomo ki te tauhohenga i runga ano hoki ratou. Hoki te tāutu o enei pūhui whakamahia ko kotahi tauhohenga kounga mō aldehydes - parahi whakaata tauhohenga. I roto i te tauhohe o aldehydes ki Fehling kaiwhakahohe he tae puru (he wairewa o waihā cupric, he alkali me te waikawa tai tartrate) o parahi divalent heke te ki monovalent. Ko te kupu taka hohenga whero-parauri o waikura cuprous.

Na, me pehea te kawea reira i roto i te tauhohe o te whakaata hiriwa? e mea he e kahore he mea ohie whakamahana ake feunga i roto i te kohua otinga ammoniacal o hiriwa ki tetahi o nga aldehydes (hei tauira, he otinga kūhuka formaldehyde ranei) engari e kore e karaunatia tonu tenei huarahi wikitoria. I te tahi taime mau tatou i te hanganga o te whakatārewatanga pango o hiriwa i roto i te otinga, hei utu o te paninga whakaata i runga i te taiepa o te karaehe. He aha te mea te take matua mō te kore? Hoki 100 hua% ko reira e tika ana ki te piri ki te tikanga tauhohe, me āta faaineine i te mata karaihe.