Ko te hanganga o te pewa pūpū. mowhiti kahuki. Whaiaroaro o te Pūnaha Nervous

i te iti rawa kotahi i roto i tona ora puaki ia o tatou te parau "i ahau he pūpū", engari matau torutoru iwi he aha te reira ta. Tata e hāngai ana to tatou ora katoa i runga i reflexes. I roto i te valevalé, te tauturu ia ratou ki a tatou ora ki te pakeketanga - ki te mahi tōtika me te noho hauora. Haapa'oraa i reflexes, manawa matou, haere, kai, me te ake.

pūpū

Reflex - Ko te whakautu o te tinana ki te faaitoitoraa kawea e te i te taha o te pūnaha io. faaite mai ratou i te timatanga ranei whakamutunga o tetahi mahi: te nekehanga o uaua, repe endocrine, huringa i roto i te reo iaia. Tenei taea ki a koe whakarite hohoro ki te taiao huri. Te tikanga reflexes i roto i te ora tangata kia nui e ara ratou whakakorenga wāhanga (tango i roto i te pokanga, whētuki, patu, haurangi), arahi ki hauātanga tūturu.

Ko te ako o te pūnaha io pokapū, me te piringa whai wāhi i roto i IP Pavlov ko IM Wāhanga. mahue ratou i muri i te rota o te mōhiohio mō whakatupuranga heke mai o kaiwhakaako. I mua e kore matou i faaite Psychiatry ko Neurology, engari i muri i timata ratou neurologists mahi ki te mahi anake, ki te whakaemi wheako me ki tātari reira.

momo o reflexes

E wehea reflexes te ao ki here, me te herekore. Ko te whakatika tuatahi i roto i te ora tangata, me te i roto i te tukanga e hono, mo te wahi tino, ki te mea i mahi ia. Etahi o nga pūkenga riro i runga i te wā, ngaro, ka riro ratou wahi kei te taha o te hou, atu e tika ana i roto i te mau huru. Ko ētahi o ēnei pahikara, te kanikani, te tākaro mea whakatangi, pakihi mahi, peia he motokā, me te ake. E te tahi mau taime i huaina ēnei reflexes "stereotype hihiri".

whakatakotoria reflexes te kohatu rite ki raro i roto i te iwi katoa rite, a to tatou i reira mai te fanauraa. tohe ratou puta noa i te ora, mai te tautoko ratou i to tatou oraraa. e kore e te iwi mohio e hiahia ana ratou ki te manawa, ki te whakaiti i te uaua ngakau, kia mau ki to koutou tinana i roto i te wāhi i roto i te tetahi tūranga, kimo, matihe, me ētahi atu tupu aunoa tenei, no te mea i tangohia āhua i tiaki o tatou.

whakarōpū o reflexes

He maha ngā whakarōpū o reflexes e whakaata ratou mahi ranei tohu taumata o te perception. Ka taea e tetahi faahiti etahi o ratou.

auraa koiora i reflexes taratahi:

• kai;
• tiaki;
• sex;
• tohu;
• reflexes whakatau tūranga tinana (pozotonicheskie);
• reflexes ki te neke.

E ai ki te wāhi o receptors e kite taea te tāutuhia te faaitoitoraa:

• exteroreceptors e te hunga i runga i te kiri, me kiriuhi mucous;
• interoreceptors, kei roto i nga whekau, me te oko toto;
• proprioceptors kite ritenga o uaua, hononga, me tendons.

E matau nga whakarōpūtanga e toru e taea te tuku i tetahi pūpū ki te whakaahua: kua riro te reira congenital ranei, e mahi mahi me pehea ki te karanga i te reira.

Taumata pewa pūpū

Hoki ki te nui neurologists mohio te taumata i nei kati te pūpū. E tauturu te reira ki pai tautuhi i te wāhi kua pā, me te ki te matapae kino ki te hauora. Wehewehe reflexes filosilivá, neurons nekeneke e kei roto i te ua. Ko ratou kawenga mō rehe tinana, uaua hukihuki, te mahi o nga whekau papatoiake. Rising ki te taumata teitei - i roto i te oblongata medulla, kitea pokapū bulbar e whakahaere nga repe salivary, etahi kanohi uaua, manawa me te ngakau mahi. he mate tata tonu kino o tenei tari.

katia te midbrain reflexes mesencephalic. Fele ko reira te pewa pūpū o te raru cranial. Ko hoki te wehewehe reflexes diencephalic neuron whakamutunga kei nei i roto i te diencephalon. Na reflexes cortical, e kua whakahaeretia e te uho kaka. Ka rite ki te tikanga, riro te reira pūkenga.

Kia mahara e te hanganga o te pewa pūpū e pā te pokapū teitei fakafekau'aki o te pūnaha io tonu ngā te taumata o raro. Ko te ara corticospinal ka haere i roto i te, waenganui, aho tapawhā me te ua takawaenga.

whakaritea te whaiaroaro o te pūnaha io te kia e tārite ia pūpū e rave rahi arcs. pupuri ana tēnei i ngā mahi a te tinana, ara ki te whara, me mate.

Ko te pewa pūpū

pewa kahuki - he ara tuku io hihiko i te tinana Tārewa (receptor) mō te mahi. ngā Nervous pewa pūpū o neurons me ratou tukanga, e hanga i te ara iahiko. I whakaurua tenei ariā ki rongoa M.Hollom i te waenganui o te rautau tekau mā iwa, engari mo te wā, kua puta te reira ki te "mowhiti pūpū." I whakaritea e te reira e tenei wā pai whakaata te tukanga e puta i roto i te pūnaha io.

Whaiaroaro wehewehe monosynaptic, me te e rua- ka kitea ētahi wā trehneyronnye pewa reflexes polisinapticheskie, arā, tae atu neke atu i te toru neurons. Kei te pewa māmā o e rua neurons: te perceiver me te nekeneke. Te pini e tika ana i te tukanga roa o te neuron ki te pae karere, i roto i te tahuri whakawhiti reira ki te uaua. Ko te nuinga o herekore enei reflexes.

Tari pewa pūpū

Ko te hanganga o te pewa pūpū ngā o rima tari.

Ko te tuatahi - he receptor e manako ana i te mōhiohio. Ka taea te tū te reira i rua i runga i te mata tinana (kiri, mucosal), me i roto i tona hohonu (etine, tendons, uaua). kia titiro receptor Morphologically rite te tukanga roa o neuron tautau o ngā pūtau ranei.

wāhanga Tuarua - tairongo muka karere, i whakawhiti excitation i runga i te pewa. Kua Kei te tinana o enei neurons waho te pūnaha io pokapū (CNS), i roto i ngā pae tuaiwi. Ko rite ki te pere i runga i nga ara pereoo ratou mahi. Ko, te neurons tohatoha mōhiohio e tae mai ki a ratou, i runga i ngā taumata rerekē o te pūnaha io pokapū.

wāhanga Tuatoru - wāhi whakawhiti tairongo ki muka nekeneke. Hoki te nuinga he reira reflexes i te ua, ko etahi o te pewa matatini haere tika i roto i te roro, pērā i paruru, petipeti, reflexes kai.

aroaro te wha o Division nekeneke muka e homai e ponana karere i te filosilivá neurons aho nekeneke ranei ki effector.

Last, te rima te wehenga - he tinana e Reflex mahi. Ko te tikanga he uaua repe ranei, pērā i te tauira, ngakau, sex, ranei repe salivary.

Ko te āhuatanga whaiaroaro o te pokapū io

He tāupe i ona taumata rerekē te whaiaroaro o te pūnaha io. Te tari i hanga i muri, ko te uaua ake tona mahi me te ture hormonal. E ono ngā āhuatanga e he noa ki ngā pokapū karere katoa, ahakoa o mahere whenua:

1. A faatere excitation anake i te receptor ki te neuron effector. Physiologically, Ko tenei hoki te synapses (neurons ngā hononga) mahi i roto i te kotahi anake aronga, me te kore e taea te huri i te reira.

2. Kei te hono hoki roa o karere excitation ki te maha nui o neurons i roto i te pewa, me te, no reira, te synapses. I roto i te tikanga ki te synthesize te neurotransmitter (faaitoitoraa matū), tukua ana e ia ki roto ki te kapiti synaptic me noho na whakaongaonga, e te reira atu te wa atu ki te tohaina nga ngātere tika haere te muka io.

3. excitations aofangatuku. Tenei tupu ka te faaitoitoraa he ngoikore, engari tonu, me te rhythmically auau. I roto i tenei take, whakaemi te takawaenga i roto i te membrane synaptic tae noa ehara i te mea he nui nui, a ka whakawhiti he pini. Ko te tauira māmā o tenei āhuatanga - te mahi o te tihe.

4. Ko te huringa o te auau excitation. Ko te hanganga o te pewa pūpū, me te āhuatanga o te pūnaha io taua e ara i roto i te manawataki puhoi o te faaitoitoraa tutuki reira etahi o te torohaki - i rima tekau ki te rua rau nga wa ia te rua. Na reira, kei te heke te uaua i roto i te tinana tangata tetanic, arā discontinuously.

5. aftereffect kahuki. Ko nga neurons o te pewa pūpū i roto i te āhua fiefia mo etahi wa i muri te mutunga o te faaitoitoraa. I tenei pūkete, i reira e rua ariā. Ko te āhua tuatahi e ki ngā pūtau io tuku te excitation o te tuarua roa atu i te faaitoitoraa, a reira roa pūpū. E hāngai ana te tuarua kei te i runga i te mowhiti pūpū katia nei i waenganui i rua neurons takawaenga. tuku ratou excitation rite te roa rite tetahi o ratou e kore e taea te whakaputa i te pini ranei noa kahore tohu braking whakatūpato waho.

6. Paremo pokapū io puta i roto i whakaongaonga roa o te mau farii ohipa. whakakitea ana tēnei te heke tuatahi, a ka tino hapa tūtohutanga.

pewa pūpū Autonomic

Na roto i te momo pūnaha io e whakatinana te excitation me whakahaere hihiko manavasii, taratahi, tinana me ngā autonomic pewa io. He āhuatanga motuhake, ko te e kore te te pūpū ki te uaua kōhiwi haukotia, ka hiahiatia te ganglia autonomic te ki te whakawhiti i runga i. Ka taea te wehea pokapū io katoa ki ngā rōpū e toru:

• E pā ana vertebral (filosilivá) ganglia ki te pūnaha io pukuaroha. E tū ratou i tetahi taha o te tuarā, hanga nga pou.
• E kei kōpuku Prespinal i te tawhiti me te i te tīwae filosilivá, me i te mana. Ko ētahi o ēnei ganglion ciliary, waha kōpuku kaungāongo'i, nga plexus solar me kōpuku mesenteric.
• e kore e kōpuku Intraorganic uaua ki te imi, e kei i roto i te whekau: uaua ngakau, arahau, ngongo intestinal, te repe endocrine.

E hohonu ēnei rerekētanga i waenganui i te pūnaha tinana me ngā autonomic hutia i roto i te phylogeny, a kua pā ana ki te tere whakatö o reflexes me ratou hei akiaki.

Whakatutukitanga o te pūpū

Waho i runga i te pewa pūpū tomo receptor whakaongaonga, e ai excitation me te takanga o te pana io. Ko te pūtake o tenei tukanga ko te huringa i roto i te kukū o te konupūmā me te konutai katote, e te hunga i runga i ngā taha e rua o te membrane pūtau. Te huri i te maha o ng ngota me tīhiko ai te neke i roto i te pūmanawa hiko, me te takanga o te rere.

Mai i receptor whakaongaonga, centripetally pokarekarenga tomo te afferent hono kahuki pewa - kōpuku cerebrospinal. Scion mai te reira ki te ua ki te otaota tairongo, me ka huri ki te neurons nekeneke. Ko te hono pokapū o te pūpū tenei. Kei te tū tahi tukanga nekeneke karihi o te ua ki ētahi atu pakiaka, ka tonoa ki te actuators hāngai. Ko te muka uaua nui mutunga nekeneke tohu.

Tei Mokatere auau pini i runga i te momo o muka karere, a kia ngā i 0.5 ki te 100 mita ia te rua. e kore te excitation whakawhiti ki raru pātata tika ki te anga aroaro te faatea ia tukanga i tetahi ki tetahi.

Te tikanga pūpū inhibition

Mai i taea ki te pupuri i rōpū, roa te muka karere ko, te braking ko te tikanga urutau nui o te rauropi. Ngā mihi ki a ia, e kore e nga pūtau io wheako rohirohi tamau, me te overstimulation. Whakapā afferentation, ai te kitenga o me te braking, whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o reflexes makatuunga me te tango i te hiahia mo te pūnaha io pokapū ki te tātari i te mahi tuarua. Tenei whakarato reflexes ruruku, hei tauira, tereraa.

ārai hoki Urupare afferentation te whakatö o ponana karere ki ētahi atu hanganga o te pūnaha io, i te pupuri i to ratou mahi.

Tuitui i te mahi o te pūnaha io

I roto i te tangata hauora mahi nga okana katoa au maite e whakaae. E ngohengohe ana ki te pūnaha ōrite o te ruruku ratou. Ko te hanganga o te pewa pūpū - ko te take motuhake, i haapapu i te tikanga kotahi tenei. Ka rite ki ki tetahi atu pūnaha, i roto i te tangata, rawa, i reira e he maha o te mau parau tumu ture ranei e ai mahi reira:

• Pūtahitanga (kia haere mai ngātere o rerekē wahi ki tetahi wahi o te CNS);
• irradiation (roa me te ritenga nui ai excitation o ngā pae pātata);
• te tauutuutu (inhibition etahi atu reflexes);
• he ara whakamutunga noa (e hāngai ana i runga i te neurons nui rerekētanga afferent ki efferent);
• (Pūnaha whaiaro ture-e hāngai ana i runga i te maha o ngātere riro, ka hanga) urupare;
• tino (te aroaro o te arotahi matua o te excitation, e īnaki te tahi atu).