Ko te kaihoahoa tino rongonui

Muri nga kaihoahoa whare utu. mahara uaua tenei ara i te toro rongonui mo tona ataahua me te taketake o nga whare. Na, whakaawe kaihoahoa pai-mohiotia te whanaketanga o te tikanga e kore e iti iho i kaituhi me toi. mimiti ratou nga whakaaro tere i roto i te rangi, a ka hoatu ratou ahua rauemi. whakaata i te whare i te ngako o te wā, tona tūāhua me te kaupapa tino, he masterpieces. Mō te iwi, whakaatu ia ratou ki te ao, a ka kia kōrero i raro nei.

Fakamānava'i o poto

tahuti ore e te kaihoahoa tino rongonui o te mua ratou ingoa, te hanga i te fare nehenehe, rongonui hoki te ataahua me te maha tenetere i muri mai. Ko tētahi o ratou - Giotto di Bondone. kaipeita Italian me kaihoahoa, i whanau i roto i te 1267. riro ia he pionie i roto i te toi ataata, whakatakotoria te turanga o te kura Itāriana o te peita. Giotto frescoes me ata whakamoemititia Leonardo da Vinci me Michelangelo.

I te tahi taime, ka kiia ia ki Kaituhitanga o te Chapel del Arena i Padua, engari whakaae e kore katoa kairangahau. Käore e kore e hanga Giotto nga pikitia e whakapaipai i te whare karakia. Ko te ruānuku hanga hoahoanga matua - te pourewa pere o Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral o Florence. kihai i Giotto ora ki te whakaoti i te hanga - i roto i te 1337, ka mate ia, i hanga noa te taumata tohanga tuatahi o te hanganga.

whakaaro nui

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) maha tihi te rārangi o "kaihoahoa rongonui o te ao." Te Italian rongonui ko te toi, philosopho, toi me te pehe. I roto i ana mahi hoahoanga puta ki Medici fare pureraa, Laurentian Library, paruru o te hahi o St. Lorenzo. I roto i tona kaupapa hanga te whare Roma o nga Huitoofa me te whare o te Conservatives. I roto i te hoahoa o enei whare e whakamahia ana Michelangelo he tikanga nui, ki tona ringa te marama, me te ka tomo ki roto ki pupau. mahi te kaihoahoa i runga i te mahere o Cathedral te rongonui St. o Pita i roto i Roma. Kei te tika i huaina teie mahana Michelangelo tetahi o nga rangatira nui i roto i te aamu o te taata nei.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

e kore e mutu kaihoahoa whai ingoa o Itari i reira. whakaaro Michelangelo te mono o Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Ko ia e kore e anake te kaihoahoa engari ano te toi me te kaipeita. whakanuia Bernini i te kaha ki te whakakotahi katoa toru momo o toi, te hanga i te wāhi ataata kotahi. Me ki Francesco Borromini me Pietro da Cortona, whakatakotoria ana e ia te turanga o te hoahoanga Baroque.

Ko tētahi o nga mahi nui o Bernini - kaupapa Square o Saint Pita. Parapara ki mua o tona whare karakia rongonui - ano te brainchild o kaihoahoa. mahi ia i runga i nga whare fakamāmaní, me te karakia. A, no te hanga koe i te Bernini whakamutunga maha whakamahi ahau i te puna marama huna ki te whakarei ake i te mana'o whakaputaina e te mahi. Ko ia te kaituhi o tokomaha o nga puna Roma, kahore nei he uaua ki te whakaaro i te City Mure.

Palladianets o Adams whare

Na whakawhiti i te tauira ki Scotland o te rau tau XVIII. Here i roto i te 1728 i whanau Robert Arama, tetahi o nga māngai nui o te Classicism Ingarangi. no ia ki palladiantsev whare, mau pǐpǐ Classicism wawe i roto i te hoahoanga. āhuatanga kāhua here i te hangarite tino, me te whakamahi o kēnana, whakapumautia i roto i te wā o Antiquity.

Arama fakatupu i te ringaringa e mōhiotia motuhake. E āhuatanga ratou i te otinga, me te huatau, auau takanga huānga neogothic. tīmataria kaihoahoa te kāhua pera-ka karanga a Arama. i taea e ki te whakakotahi i nga āhuatanga taketake o te Classicism ki taua noho noa, me te mea hoki he wa roa noho i roto i nga mahi tawhito, ka mohio ki te whakaaro ona kaihanga ia.

Kua ora te reira i roto i tona ahua taketake, te torutoru anake masterpieces hoahoanga o Arama. I roto ia ratou he whare tūmataiti Kedleston Hall tata te pa o Derby. I roto i nga tau tata nei, i mahi te nuinga te kaihoahoa i Edinburgh. I roto i tona kaupapa i hanga whare wānanga i roto i te pa.

kaihoahoa Russian Famous

A i roto i to tatou whenua, e pā ana ki te wa taua mahi Vasily Bazhenov. Architecture theorist, kaiako me te toi, he ahua ia Classicism ka whakatakotoria nga turanga o te tupurangi Russian. hanga Bazhenov etahi whare faahiahia i roto i Moscow ko St Petersburg. Ko tētahi o nga whare tino rongonui i roto i te pane i tenei ra - Pashkov Whare - hanga rite ki tona hoahoa. Ki tenei ra e kore e tata i hanga mahi reira Bazhenov.

He kaihoahoa tuatahi o St Petersburg ka Domenico Trezzini. ka hemo ia i te ora hou ki te hoahoanga Russian, mau mai ki reira te iho Pākehā. Trezzini Ko te kaituhi o te maha nui o ngā hanganga e hanga te ahua maheni o St Petersburg ki a tatou. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te Summer Palace o Pita te nui, Pita ko Paora Cathedral, hanga ma Piti Colleges te wahi kei te whare wānanga te tenei ra.

I roto i te St. Petersburg, i roto i nga tau rerekē mahi me nga kaihoahoa rongonui Russian Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov me ētahi atu. Ko te whakamutunga o enei ko te tauira Trezzini. ka Zemtsov te kaihoahoa Russian tuatahi o te pa i runga i te Neva. I roto i ana fakatupú i te tīmatanga o te Baroque no te Ekalesia o St. Himiona ko Anna, te Niniiraa "Gold Mountain" i roto i Lower Peterhof Park, kaupapa Anichkov Palace, me te tino hanga i muri i te ahi te Faahuru Cathedral.

kaihoahoa Soviet

He maha kaihoahoa rongonui o Reipa me te USSR. I roto i te wahi o nga rationalists, ahu e Nikolai Ladovsky, feinga ki te whakatutuki i objectivity i roto i auaha a ka haere mai tito constructivists nei whakaaro o aesthetization functionally nui. māngai faahiahia o te muri, ko Vecino teina. He tohu nui i roto i te puka o Moscow mahue Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, tino kaihoahoa mua o te whakapaipai i te 60 o ki te tīmatanga o 80. Ngā mihi ki a ia, ka puta i roto i te whare pa o Congresses, hanga CMEA, matatini hākinakina "Olympic" me pera i runga i.

tīmata o kāhua

He rerekē i te mahi o te tūmōmō whakamutunga Home o kaihoahoa rongonui o to tatou wa. Ki te ki te kāhua o te iari hoki o te Renaissance, a ngā wā hou whakatau tino noa, maha ngā whare o tenei ra huānga i tohutohu rerekē. Heoi, e kore i whanau eclecticism i roto i te korehau: kua whakaurua reira āhuatanga o ngā momo, te nuinga o nei i whakawhanakehia i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga.

Ko tētahi o nga tohutohu tino rongonui i roto i te hoahoanga - tiketike-tech. kāhua Pioneer maha huaina Norman Foster (b. 1935) me tana "Bureau o wha." hangaia e ia i te rererangi i roto i Hong Kong, "Mileniuma" piriti me te kamoriki i Rānana. I roto i te hanga o te whakamahi whakamutunga etine whakawhanakehia e te kaihoahoa Russian Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), e Foster, na tona ake whakauru, whakaaro tona whakapakoko pera-ka karanga. hanga Shukhov te tuatahi i roto i to tatou whenua pipelines hinu me refineries. Tono ki a ratou mo te hanganga o ngā whare, anga maitai mata etahi wa i muri meinga tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino o te māngai o tiketike-tech. whare Bureau Foster-hangaia i roto i Russia: te hangaia anō o te motu o Niu Holland, he inaianei i raro i hanga o MIBC "Moscow-City".

I roto i te au i te āhua

I roto i te rerekē ki te hi-tech, whakakororia i te nui o hangarau te ahunga whakamua, te kāhua o te horo'a nei bio-tech ki te waihanga whare, e kore raua ngangautanga ko te natura, a ki tonu i te reira. He maha kaihanga o tenei ra pai-mohiotia utu takoha ki tenei whakaaro. whakaaro te kaiwhakarewa koura ki hei te kāhua Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Te nuinga o nga mahi o te kaihoahoa Spanish rongonui kei roto i Barcelona. Tona mahi - Güell Palace, Casa Mila, Casa Batllo - e kore e taea ki te whakapoauau ki tetahi mea. E au ra ratou ki te ora, me te neke. Ko te faaururaa mo te ariki ko te natura. No reira, fluidity motuhake o whare, te kore o ngā raina tika, āhua rerekē me whakapakoko. I roto i tona kaupapa ko tonu whakaara te temepara o te Utuafare Tapu, waho rite te whare rangatira onepu.

Ko te hiahia mo te kotahitanga ki te āhua - he huru e faaite i te kaupapa o te kaihoahoa rongonui nei e whakaaro kau muimui o Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Kei te whakaaro ia tetahi o nga whika tino mana i roto i te hoahoanga ke. hanga Reith te ariā o "hoahoanga organic." Ko te ariā pokapū o te ariā kua te tapatahi, me te kotahitanga ki te āhua. Buildings e Wright, ko te hokohoko atu o te taiao māori, e āhuatanga ratou e te tuwhera-mahere, te whakamahi o ngā rauemi māori, ngā āhuatanga hoahoa tono i te mau hiero Japanese tawhito.

Modernism me functionalism

No ahua iti nui ko te Le Korbyuze (1887-1965). Fakatupu me mahi o te kaihoahoa French hoatu te ao hoahoanga Onaianei, me te functionalism. hanga whare e kore he uaua ki te ako Le Korbyuze. E āhuatanga ratou e waeine rōrahi, whakaarahia ki runga ake i te whenua, tuanui flat, Miro, teiteiraa tirohia, pera-ka karanga puka free. Kua hohoro riro enei āhuatanga katoa te wāhi o te hoahoanga hou.

O te akoranga, e kore he kaihoahoa katoa te pai-mohiotia te rārangi i runga ake. Ko te tino roa te kōrero, me te whakahoutia tonu te rārangi. kaihoahoa whai ingoa o te wā i roto i ta tatou e ora, maha whakakitea fakatupu o rangatira o te mua, he mahue.