Ko te whakaako o te kukuwhatanga. Ko tōna whanaketanga i te timatanga ki te hakari

Theory o kunenga - te moni o ngā whakaaro katoa e pā ana ki te ture, nga tikanga o te huringa tango wahi i roto i te natura organic. E ai ki a ia, ngā katoa i roto i te wa nei, te momo heke o rauropi i ratou tawhiti "teina" i te huringa tonu. Kei te tātari te reira i te ara i roto i nei i reira ko te whanaketanga o ngā kaiao takitahi (ontogeny), tirohia te whanaketanga o ngā rōpū pipiri o kaiao (phylogeny) me ratou urutaunga.

He ona pakiaka i roto i te tawhito, te wahi Naturalists, ariā whanaketanga philosopho o Kariki tawhito me Roma (Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) faaite ratou whakapae e pā ana ki te whanaketanga, me te huringa o te kaiao. Heoi, kihai i enei whakatau e hāngai ana i runga i te matauranga pūtaiao, me te i te huru pono mea ato'ae. I roto i te anotau Middle i te whanaketanga o tenei ako i whakaroau. Ko tenei tika ki te mana o te mārika fakalotú, me te scholasticism. Ko te kupu, i roto i te ao Karaitiana mo te wa roa i ārahi ahau tirohanga creationist. Ahakoa tenei, kua whakahuatia etahi karaipi ratou whakaaro e pā ana ki te oraraa o taniwha, rite kitea e ngā kitenga i parawae.

I roto i te tukanga o te haaputuputuraa o meka i roto i te rau tau 18, he au hou - transformism i roto i i ako matou i te rerekētanga o ngā momo. Māngai o te mau haapiiraa i ngā pūkenga pērā i J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. te oraraa o momo tauwhirowhiro o faitatau interspecific o te hanganga o te kararehe, me ngā tipu e te hunga i roto i te rōpū kotahi: ratou ariā whanaketanga rite taunakitanga e rua meka a. Heoi, tetahi o enei whika kihai i korero e pā ana ki te take o te huringa.

Ko anake i roto i te 1809 i reira ko te parau haapiiraa kukuwhatanga o Lamarck, i ko kitea te reira i roto i te pukapuka "Philosophy o Zoology". Here te pātai o te pūtake o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te momo i whakaarahia tuatahi. whakapono ia e no te mea o te taiao huri me te huri koe momo. Ano, kua tomo ia hurihurihanga, i.e. whakawhiti i raro ki teitei. Tenei whanaketanga whanaketanga rite Lamarck, tūturu i roto i te ora katoa me tae mai i te hiahia ki te tino.

Kua arahina ia mātakitaki o te ao māori ki te rua tikanga matua o e kua kitea i roto i te ture "neuprazhneniya -. mahi" E ai ki reira, e whakawhanakehia nga tinana rite ratou e whakamahia, ka haere "tupu āhuatanga pai", i.e., tukua nga tohu pai ki raro i te whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga i te heke mai, ranei ratou whanaketanga kei te haere i runga i, ranei ngaro ratou. Heoi, e kore i hounga'ia mahi a Lamarck i te ao pūtaiao, e kore kua ano whakaputaina he pukapuka Darwin o "I te Origin o momo." Hoatu i roto i ona tohenga i manakohia o te kukuwhatanga kua hanga reira tino hira. Heoi, ko te pūtaiao he tautoko o te heritability o ngā āhuatanga riro. Heoi, i reira he i na nui e whai wāhi e rua ki te whakaoranga o Lamarckism Lamarckism te pakanga.

Just he rota o te wā, arahina ōmataora rangahau ki te mea ka puta mai te ariā waihanga o te kukuwhatanga. (OIA). He kahore rā mārama o te take, me te kaituhi, me te ko te mahi ngātahi o pūtaiao. Ahakoa te meka e te kaituhi i te rota o ngā rerekētanga o te whakaaro, e kore te mea etahi o nga tikanga i roto i te feaa: te kōwae timatanga o te kukuwhatanga kanohi e te taupori rohe; rauemi mō te whanaketanga whanaketanga ko te tauhono me te irakētanga rerekētanga; te take matua mō te whanaketanga o urutaunga he kōwhiringa tūturu; tohu kūpapa e hanga e tika ana ki te terenga iranga , me etahi atu kai.

I tēnei wā, he maha nui o pūtaiao whakamahi te wā "ariā whanaketanga hou." Aita e titauhia ia te ariā o te kukuwhatanga, me i te wa ano ko e i ai te kē huringa saltatsionnye ki āta tona paetae matua.