Ko wai te mea Ivan Fedorov? Haurongo Ivan Fedorov poto

Ko wai te mea e matau ana Ivan Fedorov, pea tenei ra katoa kura. Mai i pukapuka hītori ki tamariki mōhio o te meka i hanga te pukapuka tāngia Russian tuatahi tenei tangata. Ratou e matau ana hoki e ko ia he tangata nāianei o Ivana Groznogo me rawa mātauranga e nga paerewa o taua wā. Otiia e kore e te tokomaha meka ngā i te ora o tenei ahua rongonui aroaro i roto i te tuhinga mātauranga. I tua atu i tika pehea tataramoa ko te mahi pionie Russian.

Ko te pukapuka tuatahi i roto i Russia

tutaki te pukapuka tuatahi o nga tupuna o mua hou ki te aroha me te whakaute nui. Ko te tangata ko Ivan Fyodorov, nga tangata o Russia, a ka kore tonu i mohio. I muri i te katoa, ka puta te tauira o te tānga hou roa i mua i te whanautanga o taua tangata. I roto i te tīmatanga o Anotau, kihai i pukapuka tāngia, ka tārua. I reira te iwi rawa whakangungua - karaipi. Ko taimaha te mahi o enei tohunga, a ko mahi hua iti iho i te wha whārangi i te ra.

I roto i te waenganui o te rautau XV, te Tiamana Johann Gutenberg whakaaro reta turanga mo te tā. hoatu tenei tenenga ara ki te whanautanga o te ahumahi whakaputa i roto i Europe. Otiia tuatahi te Moscow tā whare, a ka hanga ai i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XVI, kua mahi i te reira anake i runga i te pūtake o te āhua. Ia Ivan Grozny whakahau ki hanga mo tenei whakaaro he whare motuhake, e, kia rite ki raraunga tautohetohe, ka mahi Ivan Fyodorov. Kāti i hoa ki rauemi tāngia whakaputaina i roto i te rua anake ngā pukapuka Moscow Pioneer. I maoro, i takoha ia ki te waiho to ratou mau fare. kihai i New, tikanga ngā ki te reka o ia moe.. A ko kore maere tenei, no te mea te hanganga o te mīhini te nene◊iraa tangohia o ratou puna matua o te moni.

I roto i te whakarau

kihai i nga pūreretā pukapuka tuatahi i roto i Russia meinga aroha i roto i moe. ngaio kore anake, engari ano hoki mo te tohunga. titiro whakamutunga i roto i te tikanga auaha mana'o turai whakapono. Ka rite ki te hua o te whare i whakatupuria tā, kei runga i Nikolskaya Street, ko reira ki runga ki te ahi. Heoi, i reira he tetahi putanga rite ki nei kihai i tenei minita ahi e pā ana. he āhuatanga taua i roto i aua ra i roto i te take o te wā rakau Moscow. A kihai te ariki i maia ui te paoro kingi o tetahi taurewa mo te hanganga o te press tā hou.

Ki tonu o mea ngaro haurongo Ivana Fedorova. Poto e taea tetahi mea e hoki nga tau maha e kore e te pūreretā Russian tuatahi wahi i roto i Moscou, a i roto i te whenua ke. Tuatahi, ka haere Fedorov ki te Duchy Grand o Lithuania, i muri mai - ki Lviv, te wahi i taea e ki te whakatuwhera i tona toa ake humarie ia.

"Te Aposetolo"

Haurongo Ivan Fedorov kua he rota o wahi ma. Īhaka, i kuraina ia i roto i Krakow. Heoi, i kitea te whare wānanga kahore mōhiohio whakau i te whakangungu pionie toi te nene◊iraa Russian.

Ki te taketake o tā Pākehā Western i maheni Fedorov. Ko mo te whakaputanga o ngā pukapuka i roto i Russia kia waihanga i tētahi reta, te tuhi i runga i nga whakarerenga iho o tuhinga Russian. Neke atu i te tona pukapuka tuatahi mahi Fedorov te katoa tau. Āwhina i roto i tenei take whakaratohia reira e tona hoa Pita Mstislavets. huaina te pukapuka i "te Aposetolo." ko tino pretentious Momotuhi i roto i tenei mahi o te toi te nene◊iraa a titiro rite te tuhinga. haamata ia kōwae ki te pukapuka whero nui, i kawea i roto i roto i te kāhua purepure mātanga. I roto i tenei pukapuka, te kaituhi hoki hononga hakari ki te tauira Kariki me Venetian.

I te aroaro te putanga hou o te haurongo Ivana Fedorova. pionie poto kōrerotia e pā ana ki ana akoranga. E ai ki a ia, whakaakona koe te nene◊iraa a ia he ariki Danish.

"Breviary"

e kore e mohiotia te reira ki tenei ra, pera ki te mōhiohio pono e pā ana ki to koutou pionie mātauranga. He tonu o mea ngaro Ivana Fedorova i whakahaunga o tau Life. Ko, o te akoranga, i nga ngaio katoa e whai wāhi i roto i te tā o te wa tenei tangata. mahi te pionie Russian rongonui rite te kaituhi, typographer, ka hanga ake momotuhi.

Tenei koe o te kaituhi o te pukapuka Russian tuatahi tuhituhi ia rite te mea homai noa, ka tonoa i runga. Ana mahi ahu ki te whai i te ihirangi fakalaumālie. Ko reira reira e kore maere i ko te putanga tuarua o Fedorov me Mstislavets he kohinga o inoi. "Chasovnyk" tohu tetahi o nga tauira tuatahi o pukapuka. E ai ki te pukapuka, i i te hōputu pute, ki tamariki hoki nga tau maha ako ki te pānui i.

Haurongo Ivan Fedorov whakaaturanga poto e pā ana ki ana mahi i roto i te rohe o Russia. "Breviary" ko te tuarua, me te whakamutunga o nga pukapuka, whakaputaina i roto i te whare tā Moscow. Ko te whai o te toi te nene◊iraa Fedorov kihai i ngaro i te toenga o ona ra.

"Evanelia"

He uaua, me te tataramoa tonu te ara o te tuakiri nui. Ko te hītori o te tuatahi pukapuka-pūreretā - he tauira oraora. Haurongo Ivan Fedorov ngā pouri taonga. He maha uauatanga tatari hoki ia i roto i te ora. Otiia he i roto i te whakarau, he reira kahore iti tohe i roto i te hanga o te fakatupu pukapuka. I roto i Duchy o Lithuania, i taea ki te haere tonu te mahi o tona ora katoa Fedorov. Fakataha ki Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz i taea ki te tuku i te ia "te evanelia o te kaiako."

"Psalms"

Haurongo Ivana Fedorova me tona mahi e pā ana ki ngā ingoa pērā i Grigoriy Hodkevich, Pita Mstislavets. Ēnei iwi i ngā wā rerekē, he hoa o tenei tangata nui i roto i te tā. "Psalms" - he pukapuka e kua kua tukua Fedorov ratou ake. Chodkiewicz e taua wa mutu ki te tango i te moni i roto i te tā te mea o te tau tawhito. oho Mstislavets i te aniraa o te hoa Lithuanian ki mua.

"Aposetolo": Lions

Ko wai te mea Ivan Fedorov, mohio Lviv nga tangata marama. I roto i Ukraine, te ume nei ua te kore o te kupu i tuhituhia. E pohehe ana hoki tau e pa me whenua, kua kitea Fedorov whakaruru rangitahi konei, me whakawhetai ki te iwi rangatira mana taea te whakatū i tētahi awheawhe. hou "Aposetolo" i whakaputaina i roto i tenei pa. Ahakoa te taupori rohe me te hiahia ki te kia mātauranga, i hohoro pakura, te whare tā.

I roto i te whakataki o ngā hua e i whakaputaina noa atu, i tuhia i Ivan Fedorov kaipānui e pā ana ki ngā pūreretā whakatoi pukapuka i Moscow hahi.

"Primer"

I runga i te pātai o nei ko Ivan Fedorov, e kore e taea ki te hoatu i te whakahoki kotahi-kupu. Ko te ahua oraora o tona wa tenei tangata, ko ia te kaihanga o te kuputuhi Russian, te kaiwhakaputa o te pukapuka tuatahi. kite te waia "Primer" te whakawhetai marama ki tenei tuakiri tino.

Ka taea e koe te hanga i tētahi whakaahuatanga āwhiwhiwhi o Ivan Fedorov i te pūtake o ngā raraunga hītori me urupa o te toi Russian o tā. Ko ia he tangata mīharo pukumahi, me te tenacious. Tae noa nga ra whakamutunga o tana ora e kore ia mutu ngā mahi hohe kore anake i roto i te whakaritenga o te tā auau, a tae noa whakaaro maka he hōia pū tūturu. Kia aroha mai, kihai i ana mahere liliu tika ki te mate ohorere.

whare herehere

ko awheawhe Last Fedorova i te whare herehere pa. I roto i te whakahaere i tenei pēhia tā ki te āwhina ia ko he rangatira rohe, ko tona noho i meinga nei hei i roto i te pokapū ahurea, me te mātauranga mataeinaa. Kua pourewa tiketike kua tohaina hoki te pūreretā pukapuka awheawhe, Kei runga i nga pareparenga o te awa. Here, whakahaere te ariki ki te whakaputa i ngā pukapuka e pā ana ki e rima. Ko te tuatahi Eastern Slavic Bible te whakamutunga, me te nui rawa pionie whakaputa Russian. nui Ko tōna tohanga kotahi mano kape, i taua wa ko e he take nui.

I roto i te faaineineraa o putanga o te Bibilia, i huaina "Ostrog", ko reira ki te hanga me te whakaaturanga o pūāhua aroaro i roto i momotuhi hou e rima. He maha hapa roto i roto i te tārua mā te unga Ivanom Groznym, pōturi iho te tukanga o te hanga tenei pukapuka. Hei whakatika i te ritenga e hiahiatia ana i roto i te reo ke.

Ahakoa tona anaanatae irrepressible me uaua maere, mate pionie o te whakaputa Russian i roto i te rawakore whakahouhou. I tanumia ia i roto i te whenua ke, a ka rua rau tau i muri i te matenga o te tohu ki tona urupa ngaro.