Pāhare - Ko ... Whakarōpū o pāhare, āhuatanga

Mai nga wa onamata, kua whakamahia iwi kai otaota ki te noho mamae, me te ki kia whakakahoretia o mate me ma'i. Heoi, ko te ako, ko te hanganga wae, te tohanga o te hunga pūhui e whai he pānga taua i taea anake ki te whanaketanga whānui, me te nui o te matū rite te pūtaiao, e ko, i te rau tau XVII.

I reira ka i roto i nga hohonu o te tipu rauropi, me tenei ra, a i roto i te tahi mau kararehe, kitea ngā pūhui matū waro hauota-kei roto, e hoatu i te taua pānga haumanu whānui. Mai 1819 te ingoa noa o tenei rōpū o matū - pāhare. Fokotu◊u ki V.Meysnerom, rongoā me te tākuta.

He aha te mea he pāhare?

whakaae tēnei wā e pāhare - he pūhui huringa kei roto whakatu i te ngota hauota mowhiti taha ranei mekameka kotahi e rave rahi ranei me natula matū o te āhuatanga whakawhanake o nga kawakore ngoikore, pērā i te haukini. I mua whakahuatia whakamāramatanga o enei matū rite te pärönaki turanga hauota o pyridine. Heoi, i muri mai kitea he maha o pūhui o tenei rōpū, i whakakitea e kore te mea katoa pono taua tikanga, a ka kore e hipokina te momo katoa o pāhare.

Kua hoki te wa tuatahi kua riro tenei rauemi, me te uiui, i roto i te 1803 e te pūtaiao Dersonom. Ko te rehunanu i takea mai i mua. I muri, takitahi o tetahi ki tetahi, kua kitea maha kaipūtaiao he maha o matatini pūhui heterocyclic i rauemi tipu. Na i ahau te whakaaro e tenei taonga alkaloid- te nuinga o te take mai tūturu. Kei te whakaputaina te reira i anake i roto i ngā tipu.

Ko te hanganga matū o te rāpoi ngota

Na roto ratou natura matū, enei matū - he pūhui matū waro hauota-kei roto e roto i ngota hauota i roto i te matatini heterocycles, tuatihia e momo rerekē o here me taunekeneke.

Mai i tipu, tu ratou i roto i te hanganga o Mariao o etahi waikawa:

• malic;
• waina;
• oxalic;
• ahetiki me ētahi atu.

Ki te wehea taonga parakore i te tote, he mea ka taea ki te farii i te pāhare rite te paura, tioata, a ko reira taea ki te hanga i te hanganga wai (nikotīni). I roto i tenei me te i roto i tetahi atu take - he pūhui kawakore whakaahua āhuatanga matū e tika ana.

Ko, te matū o pāhare mohiotia, ka matau. Hei tauira, te tikanga tautuhia e e taea te taratahi ratou i rauemi tipu. E hāngai ana ratou i runga i te memehatanga o tai o pāhare i roto i te wai, kia rite ki te hunga tata rewakore i roto i te wai pūhui parakore, engari te pai te mahi te reira i roto i ngā whakarewa organic.

E huaina He maha o tauhohe e anoo i te wehe, me te ako o taua pūhui pāhare.

1. Rerenga. Tauhohenga, e hāngai ana i runga i te hanganga o te tote rewakore o te pāhare, e tīwharawhara. Ka taea te rite tenei mā te whakamahi i te wāhanga e whai ake nei: tannin, waikawa picric waikawa molybdic phosphotungstic ranei.
2. Rerenga. Tauhohenga, e hāngai ana i runga i te hanganga o tai matatini ki pūhui pāhare. Tauhohenga: pūhaumāota mercuric, konurehu konutawa bismuth ranei.
3. Poke. A, no te he ahua o huringa pāhare enei tauhohe, me te riro te reira kitea i roto i te hanganga whānui. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi - pānga i runga i nga heterocycles te ahua o te tae. Tauhohenga: waikawa hauota, te waikawa pungatara, parahi waihā, parahi (II) -precipitated.

E mea pinepine tauhohe poke kore e hoatu e hua tika, hei wāhanga o te pāhare heterocyclic rite ki te hunga o te rāpoi ngota pūmua. Na hoatu ana e ratou te pānga taua.

whakarōpū o pāhare

He aha ngā kāwai e wehea nga pūhui mōhiotia katoa o tenei rōpū, whakatau te momo o pāhare, tona hanganga matū. hanga tēnei whakarōpūtanga i academician AP Orekhov me takoto reira i te pūtake o te momo, me te hanganga o te heterocycle ki te ngota hauota reira.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, me pärönaki ona. Tenei rōpū kia ngā pāhare pērā i platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin me etahi atu. Ko te hanganga pūtake o te heterocycles rima-membered matatini honoa ki tahi i te tahi, anga e ngā te ngota hauota.
2. Piperidine me pārōnaki pyridine ona. Māngai anabasine, lobeline. Pūtake - ono-membered huringa matatini ki te hauota.
3. Quinolizidine me ona pūhui. Tenei rōpū ngā: pahikarpin, termopsin me etahi atu. pūtake Chemical i roto i matatini heterocycles ono-membered, tūhonohono me te hauota.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. Ko te tino noa He rōpū nui o pāhare - pūhui isoquinoline. Salsalin, rehunanu me te papaverine - Kei te whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te rongoā. kia hoki tenei ngā te pāhare i roto i ngā tipu barberry, Maçka me celandine.
6. Matū rawa matatini i roto i te hanganga pärönaki tropane - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Ko te hanganga kanohi uaua mowhiti tauta, tu'ati pyrrolidine me piperidine.
7. Indole me ona pūhui - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, me ētahi atu. He huinga matatini o e pae a ono-membered mowhiti ki ngota hauota i roto i te hanganga.
8. Te pāhare matua i roto i te ahumahi kai, me te rongoā - kawhe i tea rau me purapura o te tĭtĭ tipu. pā ana te reira ki pärönaki purine - pūhui matatini o ngā heterocycles me te ake ngota hauota i roto i te hanganga.
9. Ephedrine me ona pūhui - sferofizin, colchicine me kolhamin. Ko te ingoa matū o ephedrine, e whakaata ana tona hanganga matatini, fenilmetilaminopropanol - he waipiro kakara organic matatini.
10. I roto i nga tau tata nei, ua faaoti te reira ki te tohatoha ki etahi matū rōpū pāhare o steroids - corticosteroids me hormones sex.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ko te āhuatanga matua o tenei rōpū ngā te kaha ki te tareka i ngā wai, me te āhua töpü i ngā āhuatanga paerewa.

I te pāmahana rūma te pāhare mua - he totoka tioata. Tae me kakara, rite ki te tikanga, e kore e whai. I te mangai, te nuinga kawa, tununga, kino. Whakaatu mahi whatu i roto i te otinga.

Ētahi o enei taua matū wai i ngā āhuatanga paerewa - he pāhare anoxic e pā ana ki 200 ngā momo. Hei tauira, nikotīni, pahikarpin, coniine.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te memehatanga i te wai, ka taea e rave i te reira na tino anake kawhe, ephedrine, ergometrine. wairewa etahi te mau melo o tenei piha haapiiraa o pūhui anake i roto i te wai organic (whakarewa).

Mahi i runga i te tinana tangata

Pāhare - he taonga e he pānga kaha i runga i te tangata me te kararehe. He aha te mea te pānga?

1. he pānga nui i roto i te pūnaha io, te mutunga o nga ngā pūtau io, synapses, ngā tukanga neurotransmitter. I roto i te wāhanga raraunga o te tinana rōpū rerekē pāhare hei sedatives, psychotropics, āhua pūpū, antitussives, stimulants, whakapōauau, Pë. A, no te whakamahia tika mō ngā take hauora te tino dosed me tika, he painga enei pānga. Heoi, ka taea e te tuwhena rawa iti arahi ki hopearaa tino nui, me te fakamamahi.
2. Ko te mahi i runga i te pūnaha Cardiovascular - anti-arrhythmic, whakapiki i te toto i te tohanga, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Ki te i runga i te pūtake o te raau taero pāhare e whakamahia hē ranei kahore tautukunga ki te inenga tika, ka taea e meinga te whai ake:

• kite waimaero me te rongo;
• kore romahā, pouaka tightness;
• whanoke, whakapairuaki, ruaki;
• toto;
• mangai maroke;
• he hua koi ranei hekenga i roto i te pēhanga toto;
• mate paihana kino.

He wāhanga nui o te pāhare i roto i to ratou pānga whaiaroaro i runga i te tangata ko te huwhare whakamate, kaha, meinga haehae me te mate (strychnine, rehunanu, belladonnin). Ko tētahi atu wāhanga - pūhui whakapōauau e meinga ma'unimaá. Hinengaro, aronganui me te tinana (nikotīni, kawhe, te rehukeka). Na reira, Me enei pūhui ki te tikanga ki te tūpato tino, me te whakamahi i anake te tohutohu me te whakahaunga.

Te whakamahi i roto i te rongoā

I roto i tenei tipu rohe kei roto pāhare - ko te pūtake mo te maha taero whanui-hihinga, ranei, i runga i te anga ke, tino motuhake. I runga i te pūtake o taua rauemi raw he rite suppositories, infusions, papa, rongoā ampoule. hāngai ana te mahi kei te i te maimoatanga o mate Cardiovascular, romahā, te pūnaha io me te kūmuri o disorders hinengaro. hoki ano te maimoatanga o te pūnaha kūnatu, pērā i te whakawhānau, mate oncological, ki te whakakore i waipiro ma'unimā me maha atu ngā wāhi.

E kei pāhare i roto i te āhua?

I roto i te vivo roto i pāhare otaota me te tipu hei rongoā. I teie mahana te mohiotia reira okolo10000 ingoa o enei matū, me te tata katoa o ratou kua tangohia ïa i taua rauemi raw.

I roto i ngā wāhanga o te harore, ngā pūtau kitakita, pükohu, echinoderms pāhare kitea. i tangohia pūhui pāhare i te āhua o etahi pūtau kararehe, engari he torutoru ratou.

Ko te kupu, puta reira e te kaiwhakarato tuatahi, tumu pau ore o enei matū mō ngā take hauora, te ora te tangata, te ahumahi - he tipu kei roto pāhare.

tipu tarukino

He aha e enei tipu? Ratou e, i roto i te meka, he maha rawa ki te whakahua i te katoa. Heoi, ka taea e whakaingoa koe i te tino noa, me te pinepine whakamahia e te tangata.

1. ploskolistny Ragwort - platifillin pāhare me te senetsifillin - whakarokiroki me te pānga spasmolytic runga i te tinana, whakamahia ki te hanga i medicaments hāngai.
2. Belladonna sylvestris i te whānau iwai. He mea tino nui mō te rongoa whakato. pāhare Belladonna - atropine me belladonnin. Teuteu e hāngai ana i runga i kai otaota whakaongaonga te pūnaha io pokapū, whakaongaonga mahi hinengaro, me te tinana, te whakapiki ake i te mahi, me te manawanui. Riro pānga spasmolytic me analgesic. I runga i te pūtake o te wāhanga o tenei tipu whakapumautia te pata rongoa, tinctures me kānara.
3. Belém pango. Fully tipu paitini, he kino ona wahi katoa. Pāhare - hyoscyamine me scopolamine. Whakamahia hoki te maimoatanga o ma'i neurological me nekehanga mate.
4. Celandine. Ko reira tino noa i roto i to tatou whakato whenua. Heoi, kei reira pāhare Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin me etahi atu. Tino paitini ki te whakamahia hē.
5. Pāhare i roto i ngā tipu papaveraceous kiia e rua tekau mā. Tenei mua, rehunanu, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, me ētahi atu pärönaki isoquinoline. Ratou pānga me te uara whakaaro wehe.
6. myasokrasnaya Passionflower. Oku i ai e he maha o pāhare, pärönaki indole. He he pānga kaha whakarokiroki.
7. Ergot. Rawa hanga te ahurea o tenei harore werau e whakangaro o kai o rai, e whakamahia ana ki te whakaputa i te pāhare kaha. ergotamine reira me ergometrine, me tetahi atu 18 momo. Whakamahia i roto i te rongoā (ina koa i roto i te gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia tangiwai - nga pakiaka o tenei tipu i roto i neke atu i te 50 pāhare, whakamahia hoki te maimoatanga o mate Cardiovascular, tae atu takawhita.

Otaota me tipu - he wāhi tino nui o te rongoā hou. I muri i te katoa, e hāngai ana te nuinga o nga hua synthesized te i runga i ngā rauemi raw tūturu. Kua whakamahia ratou mai i nga wa onamata, me te kore i ngaro ratou hāngai mō te tangata i tenei ra. I te anga ke, i runga i te wā, e vēkeveke atu ki te ite i me te tūhura i te hanganga wāhanga o taua tipu i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea te tahi mea faufaa rahi, te tahi mea e ka tauturu i whakaoti te raruraru o maha mate mahu iwi.

Ko te pāhare tino noa

Ko te hunga whakaaro ki te waiho i te pärönaki o mua - codeine. Ko taea ki te tohatoha tauhohe matū motuhake o te rehunanu. Ina whakaritea ki te whakamutunga, he reira haumaru ki te whakamahi, pera hoki te mahi ngohengohe. Heoi, ko te tōtika hei analgesic, antitussive, tarukino whakarokiroki kore kino atu i o rehunanu mua iho ranei.

Na reira, kei te tino noa i roto i te rongoā taero e hāngai ana codeine-a e whakamahia e iwi o nga whenua katoa. Ko te tepenga anake - te reira inenga. kia whakamahia te reira i anake i runga i te tohutohu, me te i raro i te tirotiro hauora.

Mua, me ona pāhare

Opiates - rite i roto i te rongoā, me te matū huaina nga pāhare katoa mua, e taea e i roto i o taratahi reira, ka synthesized i runga i taua mea. He aha te mea te hononga? Kia aroha mai, Ko ratou nei ngutu tata o te katoa, a kahore e whai tonu i te ingoa pai, me he tika, te tono tika. He pāhare, pērā i enei:

• rehunanu;
• papaverine;
• taimiri;
• codeine.

I roto i te rongoā, kei te whakamahia ēnei matū rite antitussives, Pë, sedatives. ara e hāngai ana-Codeine hanga he maha o rongoā mō ngā maremare i roto i ngā tamariki.

Heoi, pūhui pērā i mua, me te taimiri, e whakamahia mō ngā take rongoā e kore anake, engari ano hoki i rite te taero whakahaurangi taimaha. meinga ratou fakafalala e wehingia ana o te tinana tangata, me te mo te wā e taea meinga kino nui ki te hauora, ara te ora o te iwi.