Puka, ariā me te hanganga o te kāwanatanga. Ko te hanganga pāpori o te kāwanatanga

I runga i te pūtake o te mea te mau parau tumu o te kāwanatanga mahi? He aha te mea te kukuwhatanga o ngā puka o whakahaere tōrangapū o te hapori? He aha e te mau parau tumu matua mo te whakatinanatanga o ngā hinonga mana o whakahaere tūmatanui i roto i nga whenua hou, me te, i roto i ngā, i roto i Russia?

He aha te mea te āhua?

I mua i ui ki ta te hanganga me ngā mahi o te kāwanatanga, te tautuhi i to koutou ake na te mea te tikanga o te taua. ngā ariā ariā i roto i tenei whakaaro, i reira e maha. I roto i te tino noa - i te whakamāramatanga e whai ake. State - Ko te pūnaha matatini o ngā waenganui i te iwi e kua piri i runga i te pūtake o te tuakiri motu rohe ranei, hanga ki te kī i te mau parau tumu o te kounga o te ora, haumaru me te haere noa mo nga tangata tenei.

Iwi aau kōwhiri ki te noho i roto i te mau huru e tika ana, tomo ki "kirimana pāpori" ki te kāwanatanga, "tuku" Whakahaere ko te Kāwanatanga (Pāremata) ranei whakatinana kāwanatanga-whaiaro i runga i te mau parau tumu o te tika, me te whakaata i te moni tūmatanui. Ko te puka tuatahi o tufaa, ka haere mai te reira ki te mau mai i tahi iwi i roto i te wāhi iti, nui atu iti iho ranei ōrite te pōrihanga a ahurea, kihai i te hiahia mō te "tuku". i nui ki te whiriwhiri, kia mea a, he "rangatira" taukei he rōpū ona mo te whakaaro o te mau parau tumu whaiaro-whakarite ranei Citizens.

Ka rite ki whakanui i koe te whenua o te "te feia faatere" Kua mutu ki te kia ngaro i te katoa. Ranei, i waenganui i timata ngā whakahēnga ki te puta, tono tauira whakapai ake whaiaro. Tuatahi, ka anga te mahi o te "rangatira" ki te aro i roto i te ringa o te maha iti o te feia faatere - i roto i te mutunga, anake te kingi. I muri ka anga ratou ki te puta i te pōtitia mana. Hei tauira, uru hanganga kāwanatanga Old o National Institute Whare. hanganga pāremata i hanga i roto i nga whenua Pākehā. I roto i te puka nui atu iti iho ranei hou o te kāwanatanga tōrangapū o āhua kingi i hanga e i roto i te mutunga o te 17 - wawe senituli 18. He nga ariā e whakaatu nga parau tumu o te wehenga o mana. I roto i te tahi mau āhua i whakaurua ratou ki mahi. Na mahi ratou i roto i runga i te pūnaha tōrangapū o te nuinga o nga whenua.

Ka tautuhi te arotahi matua o to tatou ako iti, e nehenehe tatou e haamata i ki te tūhura te mea te hanganga me ngā mahi o te kāwanatanga. timata tatou ki te wā tuatahi.

Whakatau i te hanganga o te kāwanatanga

He aha te mea te "hanganga o te kāwanatanga"? E ai ki rongonui i roto i te whakamāramatanga tōrangapū Russian, he reira he pūnaha o pūtahi tōrangapū me ngā whare e mahi nga mahi e tika ana ki te whakatinana i te kaupapa mana mana e hāngai ana. Kei te tino maha whakahuatia hanganga o te kāwanatanga i roto i tona ahua nei rite te whānuitanga o ngā tinana rerekē, wehea ki e toru ngā taumata mahi:-ture, whakahaere, me te ture. E, i roto i te tahuri, wahia ki te maha nui o ngā waeine hanganga kawenga mō ngā wāhanga motuhake i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa here kāwanatanga - manatü, tari, komiti, etc ...

tohu ētahi tohunga ki te huānga motuhake i roto i te hanganga o te ope kāwanatanga patu, me te te tinana i hanga i roto i te hui o te ohorere whawhati tata - pērā i, mo te tauira, te kāwanatanga wā i roto i te wa o te revolution 1917, i kore ngā tuatahi i nga ture o te whenua o nāianei. Mātau, me te whānuitanga o mana, e ua horo'ahia i te whāinga hanganga mana rātou tautuhi me hinonga mana kaupapa here whāinga.

He ngā atu orokati ki te kaupapa, engari ko te reira i te rerekē ngā kāwai pūtaiao. Ki te hunga, hei tauira, whakarato he ariā pērā i "āhua hanganga pāpori." Ko tā te reira i te whakarōpū o te taupori o etahi rōpū i runga i te pūtake o te mana pāpori-tōrangapū o te tangata. Ka rite ki te kōwhiringa - no ratou ki akomanga. Ko te, mo te tauira, i taea te māngai te hanganga pāpori o te kāwanatanga Anotau e ngā rōpū pērā i kaimahi, bourgeoisie kaipupuri whenua rangatira, me te t. D. nga āhuatanga tōrangapū me ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga, ko te wā kupu huru tika kāre.

He te ariā o "hanganga kāwanatanga". I roto i te tahi mau horopaki, kia whakaaro reira fenāpasi. Engari kia rite ki te tikanga, tohu te reira i te ahua o te kōwae tōrangapū, kamupene whakahaere ranei he tetahi pā ana ki te āhua. Ko, hei tauira, te kāwanatanga - he, o te akoranga, te hanganga kāwanatanga. I tua atu i, mo te tauira, te Federal State MoE "Mōhiohio me Hangarau Center". JSC "Gazprom" ranei. te hanganga kāwanatanga - katoa o tenei. Kai ako i roto i to tatou ako iti, te wā matua i roto i aua horopaki i reira ko reira he pātai o te pūtahi whakahaere e hāngai ana ranei, kia kia tupato ki te karo i ngā hapa pū.

mahi tōrangapū

Ko te maha tapahi haere ki tetahi ariā te ariā o "hanganga kāwanatanga" - "taputapu tōrangapū". Na roto i te a nui, e rua - te āhuatanga o te tikanga kotahi. whakaata ratou te mau parau tumu, me tikanga i runga i te pūtake o nei whakatinana te kāwanatanga ona herenga i roto i runga i te kirimana pāpori. Heoi, ki te te hanganga o te kāwanatanga - he he huinga o pūtahi, e te mea atu o te "kete" o te mana, te mahi tōrangapū - tenei, kia rite ki te tirohanga rongonui, nga whāinga matua me ngā mahi hoki e ko te faatereraa tēnā. Ka taea e tatou te mea e te "mahi" ki etahi whānuitanga whakatau "hanganga." I raro i te mau tamataraa o nāianei e pā ana ki te whakahaere o ngā tukanga tōrangapū, he pūtahi motuhake e hanga e te hanganga te mana o te State.

I roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū hou ki te whakarōpū i te mahi tōrangapū o roto, o waho. ngā te mua ture-hanga, uruhi ture, mahi ōhanga, pāpori, ahurea, me te taiao. Ki te tuarua - korero, me te takawaenga (kua tāutuhia etahi tohunga hei wāhanga o ia rite "mahi tahi", te ngako o te mea i roto i te paturaa i te hoaraa, me ngā hononga i roto i te ao te ao).

Ko te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana

I runga tuhia tatou e i roto i te hanganga tōrangapū o āhua hou te whakatinana i te parau tumu o te wehenga o mana. He aha te mea te reira? Ka rite ki te whakarite i te reira i roto i te hanganga kāwanatanga o te huarahi? Kei te riro te reira e te wehea te mana ki e toru nga peka mahi matua --ture, whakahaere, me te ture. mahi ia o ratou takitahi i roto i ngā o te whakatika tukua e te Ture ētahi atu mahi ture o raruraru ranei, engari i te wa taua mahi i roto i te whāinga matua hinonga kotahi.

I roto i tenei hononga, i reira ko he hiahia mo te wehenga o mana? E ai ki te ariā ariā lahi, tenei ahua o te hanganga o te huarahi kāwanatanga - te hua o te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga manapori me te whanaketanga āta i roto i te mahara ā-tōrangapū paearu: kia kore e kukū te mana i roto i tetahi institution ngā ranei i nga ringa o te takitahi. Ko te kupu, hangaia nga manga-ture, whakahaere, me te ture o te whakahaere e ki tahi fakangatangata te mana ki te tirohanga ki whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te usurpation tōrangapū o ngā āheinga matua.

pāremata

Ko te hanganga tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga tenei ra, rite ki te tikanga, uhinga a te oraraa o te mana pāremata. E ko te pūtahi teitei o te ture. He nga āhuatanga e whai ake nei matua Paremata: te whanaketanga o ture e tohu te ngākau nuitanga o ngā tūmomo rōpū pāpori i roto i tōrangapū, me te mana i runga i nga mahi o te peka whakahaere.

kāwanatanga

Whakatinana i roto i te nuinga o nga whenua hou i roto i te huarahi kāwanatanga, te ariā me tona hanganga, ng i ariā tōrangapū, whakapae te aroaro i roto i te pūnaha whakahaere i te whenua o, e kore anake pāremata engari ano hoki pūtahi kāwanatanga. E ko te tinana nui rawa o te mana whakahaere. Ko te mahi o ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga - manatü, ngä pokapü, ratonga (ki te whakaae tatou e whāngai kōrero mai i roto i Russia te huarahi kāwanatanga - te ariā me te hanganga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū motu kore e meinga tautohetohe rite te katoa) - heke ki te whakatinanatanga tika tangohia i te taumata pāremata me mahi ture, me te matatiki tuarua - tikanga, ture, etc ...

marae

I roto i tahuri, i te rāngai ture veteki take e pā ana ki te mahi ture i roto i te āhuatanga o te ture ngā. Ranei, kia rite ki te mea te take i roto i te tahi mau whenua, whakaputa ia puna o te ture i roto i te puka o tauira, oti nga tinana-ture, me te whakahaere e hanga i te huarahi o te kāwanatanga. Ko tino rerekē i te pera-ka karanga "Roma" ture o mahi o te pūnaha, ka kore e tika wāhi te whakatamarikitanga o mahi ture o nga marae te ariā me te hanganga o te ture take.

Ko tēhea o nga tauira e rua, ko te whai hua atu - te kaupapa o te taupatupatu kaha. Heoi, ko te atu noa "Roma" pūnaha i roto i te ao, tae atu i roto i Russia. Ko te ture Case tino whakawhanakehia i roto i te USA me te UK.

State me te ture

Runga ake tuhia matou e puta te hiahia mō te āhua ka hiahia te iwi ki te whakarato ratou ki te taurangi o te haumaru o te noho, haere noa, ki te kounga hāngai o te ora. Neke atu i te wa, i puta ke tenei "hiahia" ki te matau tetahi huinga o te hunga ranei. ka Tautukunga paearu whakahauanga tenei ra. Na reira iti ki roto i tetahi ranei tetahi o te pūnaha tōrangapū ngāue anake hanganga whārite o te kāwanatanga. A me whakatinana te tika o tangata, me te raru.

Ko te paearu e i tautuhia te pūnaha tōrangapū o te whenua kei te rite te kaha ki te matua tika tangata, me te ture, he tino rerekē. I roto i te ara maha, kua takoto to ratou ngako e te iho pāpori anö me te ahurea o te iwi. I roto i te tahi mau āhua, hei tauira, te tika ki te whakapuaki i kore e ngākau nuitanga tōrangapū whakaaro he kaupapa matua. I roto i te tahi atu manakohia e ia te whenua i te rauemi e tika ana katoa mo te iteraa o te mau hinaaro o tangata ki te korero nuitia e pā ana ki to ratou ake tūranga i roto i ngā take o te pule. Ko te hanganga o te kāwanatanga me te ture ki reira - e rua i roto i ngā o ngā whakaaro ariā e pā ana ki te pūnaha tōrangapū pai i roto i te pümätauranga, a i roto i te hinonga matua whakahaere mahi - tae atu i te aroaro whakahauanga o pūtahi e hāngai ana.

wāhanga mana

whakapono tika ki te tohatoha i te wāhanga taketake o te mana tōrangapū, noa ki ngā momo katoa o pūtahi tūmatanui ētahi tohunga. I roto i te hunga - te mana, ngā tika, ngä poapoa, me te kawenga takohanga. Ko e mo'oni, ko ratou hakari katoa i roto i te pūnaha tōrangapū, ahakoa o ahakoa, i he hakari meka te hanganga, ahua o te kāwanatanga. Ahakoa, ki te whakaaro tatou ki nga tauira o te whakahaere o nga pūtahi o te mana i roto i wā o mua i te mea kahore wehenga o mana, kua tonu kua reira enei wae mana tōrangapū. Heoi, kua whakapono ia o ratou ki kaitōrangapū hou, kia mafamafatatau reira i roto i ngā o te whaihuanga i te kaupapa motuhake o te mahi mana. Ko, ki te wahi o te wā, me te i mahi te tukanga māori o te whanaketanga tōrangapū i roto i ngā ariā me te mau parau tumu ki te arahi i te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga i roto i te hanganga ture ki tenei paearu. Ko te ariā o te wehenga o mana, kia rite ki kaitätari tōrangapū, meinga kua tetahi o nga huarahi matua o te whakapainga pūkenga me ngā o whakahaere tūmatanui ki te rapu i te toenga i waenganui i te wāhanga matua e wha o te whakahaere tōrangapū.

Modern huānga tikanga kāwanatanga

Ko reira kitea e whanake i te hanganga o te puka kāwanatanga i runga i te wā. Ko tenei he aha ta tatou kite i te timatanga o te tuhinga: tuatahi, ko "te feia faatere", ka kingi, i muri ka puta te Pāremata, me te wehenga o mana. Pehea, Na, "hanganga" āhua hou? Politologists tohatoha huānga anga kaupapa here e tika ana. kia rerekē te paearu mō te whakamāramatanga i runga i te whenua rānei. I roto i Russia, rite ki te wāhi noa o te tirohanga, Whakaröpütia tenei ahua o huānga rite:

- kāwanatanga (hānga ana, rohe me te terenga taumata);

- rōpū kāwanatanga (siloviks, mana ratonga, tirotiro, aha ...);

- pūtahi tūmatanui (ngā kura, hōhipera, whare pukapuka, aha ...);

- hinonga kāwanatanga-fatuhia.

I roto i te tahi mau whenua, etahi o nga mea timatanga i runga ai te kupu pai io kia tūmataiti. I roto i Russia, he ratou te āhua (rite ki te tahi mau kaitätari, te nuinga e tika ana ki ngā tikanga o mua, me te mau parau tumu o te whakahaere tūmatanui, whakapumautia i roto i nga wa Soviet).

He aha te mea te "mana"

Kia noho tatou i runga i te huānga o te momo tuatahi, e ko, te kāwanatanga. He aha e ona āhuatanga matua? ngā ariā pūtaiao Modern e tautuhi te mea kia titiro rite te ahua o te kāwanatanga, me te ariā o tona hanganga, ngā te huinga e whai ake nei o paearu. Ko te kupu, te mana:

- hanga, e hāngai ana i runga i te pai ai o hinonga tōrangapū mana;

- te mauria i ngā mahi e kua tautuhia puna o te ture;

- te mea he anga whakahaere e āta whakatakoto te huanga ture;

- He etahi competences, tika, mau ohipa;

- mahi i roto i te wāhi ngā (puta noa te motu rite te katoa, i roto i te rohe ngā, pa).

I roto i te āhuatanga atu characterizing nga mana - te wātea o ngā rauemi rauemi (whare motuhake, te tikanga o te kōrero, etc ...), te pūnaha tohatoha o āpiha mahi mana (te ana'iraa, tūnga), te kawenga takohanga o te hanganga teitei o te kaha.

State me municipalities

Kia pehea te e E pā ana te ariā me te hanganga o te kāwanatanga ki te mau parau tumu o te kāwanatanga terenga wai? Delimiting te paearu matua i konei - te hāngaitanga o te mahi i te taumata e tika ana o te whakatinanatanga o te mana. Ko te municipality - he paetata kōwae whakahaere-rohe - pa, takiwa, mataeinaa. Ko te whānuitanga o ngā mahi, whakaritea te otinga o nei ki ngā kaupapa o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, rite ki te tikanga, rere ke i taua i te mea huru o te hanganga mana e hānga ana. Ko te hou ahua o te kāwanatanga, te ariā me te hanganga, e kua whakaae rite te ariā ariā taketake i roto i ngā kura pūtaiao, ngā te tohu nui o te mana motuhake o municipalities - noa no te mea, na roto i te mahi i roto i te āhuatanga ā-rohe, mana ka tino pea whakaoti i te raruraru akiaki atu pai atu i matua hanganga whakahaere tōrangapū.

He aha e pā ana ki te mahi o delineating te mana tēnā i roto i Russia? Ko ngā "kāwanatanga" me te "terenga" i roto i te mana o te ture RF demarcated. Heoi, te mau parau tumu matua o ngā pūnaha kāwanatanga tōrangapū whakatinana e te kaupapa o te whakahaere tōrangapū o ngā momo e rua, kia rite ki maha kaitätari tōrangapū, a rite kitea e te waihanga o te maha nui o ture e te hunga rawa rite, ētahi wā tata ōrite. I roto i te maha ngā āhuatanga o te "kāwanatanga" me te he rerekē anake te ingoa "terenga" mana i roto i Russia.

Heoi, te whakatamarikitanga i maha kura o ariā tōrangapū o te hanganga kāwanatanga titau e te whakahaere kounga o te whenua, ko te taea anake, ki te nui mana motuhake whakaoti rapanga i te taumata terenga. Na reira, i roto i te noa'tu o faitatau waho o te mau parau tumu, kia kawea te mana i te taumata e hānga ana, rohe me te rohe i roto i roto i Russia i te kaupapa ka makona ratou sino o tona whakatinanatanga o mana motuhake.