Whakaako - he ... ako Pūtaiao. ako Social. raruraru ako

He History o te Mātauranga ona pakiaka i roto i te mua tawhiti. Fakataha ki te tangata tuatahi ka puta, me te mātauranga, engari kua te pūtaiao o te tukanga o te tuakiri hanganga kua hanga e nui i muri. Ko te take pakiaka o te takanga o tetahi peka pūtaiao i huaina nga matea o te ora. A, no te timata te hiahia ki te ahuwhānui te wheako o te mātauranga, me te ki te hanga i te motuhake pūtahi mātauranga me te whakangungu ki te whakangungu i te whakatupuranga o muri ki te puta rite te ako motuhake. Tenei te tikanga timata te whakakahanga o te tukanga o te faatea ia te ariā ki te faaineine i ngā tamariki mō te ora motuhake i roto i te hapori. Ko te uara mōrahi o te tiaki tamariki tuatahi piri anake i roto i te whenua tino whakawhanakehia - China, Kariki, Ihipa ko India.

Hohoro hoki te whakahaere i te reira ki te kitea e taua whakawhanake pōturi tere ranei te pāpori i runga i te taumata i te mea te reira mātauranga o te whakatupuranga o muri rānei.

takoha tino taonga. tawhito

Ko te rapunga whakaaro o te Kariki onamata i huaina te pouraka o te pūnaha mātauranga Pākehā katoa. Ko tōna māngai e kānapanapa - ko Democritus. tuhu ia ki te ōrite o te mātauranga me te āhua, tautohetohe e hurinaha mātauranga te takitahi, reira e whakaahua ana i te ao huri noa.

Kua Kua atu whakawhanakehia Pūtaiao ako i roto i te mahi o Socrates, Aristotle me Plato. Kua whakawhanake rātou i te whakaaro tino nui, me te tikanga e pā ana ki te hanganga o te tuakiri.

Ko te hua o Greco-Roma whakaaro mātauranga ko te mahi o te "te Mātauranga tukuoro". Ko tōna kaituhi - Mark Faby Quintilian, he tangata tohe Roma.

Middle ake

I roto i tenei wā, whai wāhi te Ekalesia i roto i monopolization o te ora i te pae varua o te hapori, me te aronga o te mātauranga i roto i te auraki whakapono katoa. puta whanaketanga e aweawe tawhiti kore rite nohopuku rite i roto i te tawhito. He ko he whiwhi i te mau parau tumu inviolable o whakaako raroto, i vai na i roto i Europe tata tekau ma rua rau tau rau tau-tawhito. e kore ngā ariā ako whakawhanakehia, ahakoa nga tautooraa o mau philosopho marama pērā i Augustine, Tetuliane, Aquinas.

Renaissance

āhuatanga tēnei wa kei te rite te nui atu pai mo te whanaketanga o te ako, nui atu i nga anotau Middle. Kei te tohua te reira e te mahi o te maha o ngā kaiako tahatai - Fransua faito, Erasmus, Vittorino da Feltre, Michel Montaigne me ētahi atu.

wehea Pūtaiao ako i te rapunga whakaaro i roto i te mahi o Yana Amosa Comenius (Czech Republic). Ko te hua o tona mahi - "didactics Great" - tetahi o nga mahi i te tuatahi pūtaiao, me te mātauranga. hanga He whai tino taonga ki te whanaketanga o tenei pūtaiao kua, ko Dzhon Lokk. I roto i "ētahi Thoughts Mo Mātauranga," faaite ia tona whakaaro e pā ana ki te faatupuraa i te hūmārie o pono - te tangata e he māia, me te taea ki te ngā mātauranga pai ki te mau huru ngaio, u o whakaaro me te huatau o tikanga.

wā hou

e kore e e oti History o te Mātauranga ki waho nga ingoa o taua pai-mohiotia Western Māmá, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, Johann Friedrich Herbart me Iogann Genrih Pestalotstsi.

riro ako Russian kua whakawhetai rongo te ao ki a Konstantinu Dmitrievichu Ushinskomu. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i reira ko he revolution tūturu i roto i te ariā me te mahi o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai. tuhia e ia e te whakaaro o te mātauranga, ko te ki te teuteu ki he ora mahi, e kore ki te oaoa.

mana nui i runga i te whanaketanga o te ako i Edvard Torndayk ko Dzhon Dyui, Maria Montessori ko Bendzhamin Spok, Krupskaya ko Wentzel, Makarenko ko Sukhomlinsky ko Danilov.

tūnga o nāianei

I roto i te tekau tau tata nei, nui te ahunga whakamua kua tutuki, kua i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga o te ako, me te tuatahi o nga mea katoa i roto i te mahi i runga i nga hangarau hou o mua-kura, me te mātauranga kura tuatahi. Kounga hōtaka rorohiko motuhake ki te āwhina i te whakahaere i te tukanga akoranga me i konei ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai ki te pūngao raro me whakapaunga wā.

ako hou tohua e te mahi kaha i runga i te hanganga o ngā kura mana pupuri, te rangahau, me te hanga whakaurunga me ngā pae whakamātautau. hāngai Mātauranga me te whakangungu i runga i te mau parau tumu huru taata-hāngai te ao. Otiia, mātauranga - ko te pūtaiao, e kore e pera matara i te tirohanga noa kotahi i runga i te āhua o e mahi i te reira ki te whakatupuranga o muri. E kore tetahi rau fakataha huarahi e rua tino rerekē. E ai ki te tuatahi, e hiahia ana koe ki te whakaako tamariki i roto i te te haapa'oraa, me te wehi. E ai ki te tuarua - ki te aroha me te atawhai. I roto i tenei take, ki te ora iho ko tetahi o nga huarahi kua hua'tu paopao, ia mutu noa ki te tīariari. I roto i tenei āhuatanga, te raruraru matua puta ako, me te whakahoki tangohia ki te pātai o te pehea, ki te mahi, e kore kua kitea. I te tahi taime te painga mōrahi ki te hapori kawea kawea mai te iwi ki runga kia rite ki tikanga tino, a ētahi wā - maramarama, ngawari me te atawhai. I te wa ano tikanga fakaaoao o te mahi ki te tamariki i reira ko te pūtake pūtaiao mārama. E ai IF Herbart, tamariki i tūturu whanau "playfulness mohoao", i te mea he aha whakangungu anake i roto i te pakeke e taea arahi ki hua sino. Ko te tikanga matua huaina e ia te riri o te whiu, here, me te mātakitaki.

Protest ki tenei ahua o te mana i runga i te tangata, ko te ariā o te mātauranga kore utu. Ko tōna kaituhi - JJ Rousseau. Zhan Zhak ia ko hono kau muimuí taunaki whakaute mō ngā tamariki, me te whakaongaonga rātou tukanga māori o te whanaketanga. Ko te kupu, he aronga hou - ako te ao. Ko te pūnaha o ariā pūtaiao. vahe reira te tūranga o ngā ākonga e rite ana, mohio, me whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te tukanga mātauranga.

Me pēhea te ki te whakatau i te tohu o te humanization o te tukanga mātauranga? Tei te reira i runga i te āhua o tino ngā nga preconditions mō takitahi whaiaro iteraa-.

Basics o ako. Tīpakohia te ahanoa, te kaupapa, ngā whāinga, me ngā mahi o te pūtaiao

Ko te ahanoa o ako - te takitahi, e whanake i roto i te akoranga o whanaunga mātauranga. kihai i kairangahau haere mai ki te whakaaro e ko te tumu parau o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai. Tenei ko nga whakaaro o rerekē kaituhi: Whakaako kaupapa - he mātauranga o te takitahi rite te āhuatanga motuhake o te hapori (Kharlamov); he pūnaha o ture whāinga o te tukanga hītori ngā o te mātauranga (Likhachev); mātauranga, whakangungu, mātauranga, te whanaketanga auaha me te whakawhanaunga o te takitahi (Andreev).

Rauemi o te whanaketanga pūtaiao

- Experience i runga i te mahi senituli-tawhito, te mātauranga, i titia he ara o te ora, tuku iho me ngā tikanga.

- Nga mahi o nga philosopho, kaipūtaiao pāpori, kaimātai hinengaro me ngä.

- Ko te mau parau tumu o te mahi o te mātauranga o nāianei.

- Raraunga kohia i roto i te rangahau rawa-hangaia.

- Experience o ngā kaiako-innovators, te whakawhanake i te pūnaha taketake, me te whakaaro mātauranga.

mahi

Whakaaro he pūtaiao hangaia ki te whakatairanga rangahau me te whāinga o te whakanui ake i te take o ngā whanaketanga, ngā āhuatanga me te hanga o tauira o te mātauranga me te pūnaha mātauranga. Tenei raruraru pūtaiao. Pera i te matara mahi, e i roto ia ratou, he ākonga mātauranga me te whakangungu. I tua atu, kua wehea nga mahi ki poto, me te pūmau. ngā te mua te whakahaere o whare pukapuka, pukapuka hiko, mahi kaupapa i runga i ngā paerewa ngaio, te tohanga o te ähua nui i roto i te mahi o te kaiako, te Makiri whakangungu whanaketanga turanga tangata memeha noa, te whanaketanga o hangarau auaha me te whakangungu o ngā kaiako heke mai, etc. I roto i te mahi pūmau ko te whai ake: tāututanga o ngā tauira i roto i te mara o te whakangungu, te mātauranga, te mātauranga, te whakahaere mātauranga me ngā pūnaha mātauranga; ako i te wheako o te mahi ako; mahi i runga i ngā tikanga hou, puka, te tikanga, ngā pūnaha mātauranga, me te whakangungu; panoni matapae i roto i te tukanga mātauranga i roto i te heke mai tata, me te tawhiti; whakatinanatanga o te hua whiwhi i roto i te akoranga o te rangahau ki te mahi.

mahi

Whakaako - he pūtaiao, e te mea faufaa no te te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi mātauranga, me te whakangungu katoa i nga taumata hangarau, me te ariā. A feruri i te mahi taumata ariā:

- Kōrero. He ki te whakaahua i te whakaako o meka, ngā tītohunga me tukanga, me te i roto i te whakamārama i raro i te mea tikanga, me te aha nga tukanga o te wahi tango mātauranga i roto i te ara taua a kahore te kore.

- Tātaritanga. Ko ki te whakatū i te mana o etahi ari ako, mahi tōtika o te kaiako me ngā ākonga, me te rite i roto i te whakatau i te take o te whakarite i te angitu.

- mana'ohia e. Ko reira te anaanatae taunakitanga i o whakaako me te mahi mātauranga, e ngā rua āhuatanga ariā, me te mahi.

Ki te whakaaro ki te taumata hangarau, uru mai te reira i te mahi e whai ake nei:

- projective e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te turanga raupapa (buka, aratohu, mahere me ngā hōtaka).

- Liliu e hāngai ana whakataki o whakatutukitanga i roto i te ako mātauranga, me ngā mahi mātauranga ki te tirohanga ki tona whakapai ake, me te panoni.

- whakaata me te whakatikatika, whai wāhi aromatawai o te pānga o te rangahau i runga i ngā mahi whakaako.

- Te whakatipu me te mātauranga, ua ite na roto i te mātauranga, whakangungu me te whanaketanga whaiaro.

Ko te ture taketake me te mau parau tumu o te ako

Ka taea te huaina pakeke Pūtaiao anake, no te heheu i te reira i te mauri o te whakaaro mōrahi o te ari me he taea ki te matapae i te hurihanga i roto i te parae, me nga ari me te mauri.

I raro i te ari whai wāhi ngā motuhake tukanga ranei āhuatanga e faaite te taha waho o te vairaa mau, me te ko te ahua o te oraraa o te taonga etahi. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, ko te huinga o whanaunga, hononga hohonu me ture kāinga te whakatū i te āhuatanga me ngā o te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha rauemi.

Te kore te tātaritanga ariā o te mau parau tumu, tikanga me ture o te ako e kore e taea ki te whakarite i tētahi mahi mātauranga, me te ako pai. I tēnei wā, i reira ko nga ture e whai ake nei o te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai:

- kotahitanga me te tapatahi o te tukanga mātauranga.

- Ko te hononga o ngā wāhanga ariā, me te mahi.

- ki te whakawhanake i te whakangungu me te whakaako i.

- pāpori whakahaua whāinga.

Ka rite ki kī e VI Andreev, parau tumu ako ko tetahi o nga kāwai pūtaiao, whakawhānui i te turanga o ture, e hāngai ana i runga i ngā tauira whakapumautia, ka tohu i te tikanga o whakaoti rapanga ako o te tetahi piha haapiiraa. E ai ki a PI Pidkasistyĭ, parau tumu ako - he aratohu taketake, e titau te raupapa o ngā mahi i roto i te tikanga o te tamau, a kahore tetahi atu.

- Ko te parau tumu o te mahara, me te mahi o hāngai te takitahi i roto i te tukanga akoranga kei i runga i te ite e e kia whai hua ki te whai wāhitanga mātātoa o ngā ākonga i roto i ngā mahi akoranga i te tukanga akoranga.

- Ko te parau tumu o te whakangungu nahanaha e hāngai ana i runga i te pūnaha ngā o te whakaako me te ako, e hanganga te rauemi, e hāngai ana i runga i te take me te pānga, me ngā hononga tuku iho ki te tūranga o te wehenga o te tūmataiti me te noa.

- e pipiki ki te parau tumu o te ōritetanga kaiako, whakarato ngā ākonga te akiaki o ngā whakaaro whakatairanga i te mohiotia ki te unknown, i te kuware ki te matatini, me ētahi atu

- E ai ki te parau tumu o te wātea o whakangungu, e hāngai ana te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi whakaako i runga i te ōwehenga tino pai whakangahau me te matatini, me te mōhiohio e pā ana ki te tau o te ākonga, me to ratou taumata o mahi mahi, me te hinengaro.

- I te me kia te parau tumu o te ihirangi pūtaiao o te rauemi ako maheni ki te ariā, te meka whāinga me ture.

ture Whakaako - aratohu i runga i ngā take motuhake o te whakangungu me te mātauranga. I muri ia ratou fakapapau'i te hanganga o nga tātai mahi tino pai, me te whakaihiihi ana te tōtika o te whakaoti katoa o raruraru ako.

Ka taea te huaina nui tikanga ako motuhake ki te te tika ngā reira ki atu talangofua ki tenei ranei e parau tumu. Hei tauira, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatinana i te parau tumu o te mahi me te mahara o te kaiako tūtohutia ki piri ki te ture e whai ake nei:

- ki te utu whakarongo whakamārama i te whāinga me ngā whāinga o ngā mahi heke mai;

- ki te whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o te hihiri o ngā ākonga, me te hanga i runga i ō rātou ngākau nuitanga;

- tirohia ki te pūmanawa, me te wheako o te ora o kura;

- te whakamahi i tauira maitai ki te whakaatu i te rauemi hou;

- kia kite ki reira e matau katoa kupu i.

uara ako - ngā ture faatere i te reira i te mahi o te kaiako me te mahi rite te pūnaha hinengaro rite te mediating me takawaenga i waenganui i whakapumautia ao-hapori i roto i te mara o te mātauranga me te mahi kaiako. E hanga e ratou mua, ka whakaritea rite te ahua o te mahara pāpori.

Manga me Wāhanga

I roto i te whanaketanga o tetahi pūtaiao e whakawhānui tona pūtake ariā, e tango reira ihirangi hou, me te mahia he pārōnaki ā o te wāhanga tino nui o te rangahau. I teie mahana, te ariā o "ako" fakahu'unga he pūnaha katoa o sciences:

- General Whakaako. Tenei ako Ko te turanga. Kua ia kua rangahau i te ture taketake o te mātauranga, te whakawhanake i te taketake o ngā tukanga akoranga i roto i ngā pūtahi mātauranga o ngā momo katoa. Tenei ako Ko te whakataki ki te mahi whakaako, te mau parau tumu whānui, didactics, ngā pūnaha mātauranga, ariā mana, tikanga, ako, rapunga whakaaro me te hītori o te mātauranga.

- Age ako e hāngai ana ako nga āhuatanga takitahi o te mātauranga i rerekē wāhanga tau. Tei runga i tenei huru faataa i perinatal, nesilií, ako kōhungahunga, me te kura nui, te mātauranga umanga, me te tuarua, whakaako kura nui, me te ako androgogics toru o hurihanga.

- ako Special whakawhanake te ariā turanga, te mau parau tumu, tikanga, puka, me te tikanga o te mātauranga me te whakangungu o takitahi ki te whanaketanga tinana, me te hinengaro waimaero. Ko tōna ngā mema ngā taua wāhanga rite surdo-, tiflo-, herehere pedagogics.

- Ngā mihi ki te ako ngaio i hanga turanga ariā me te whanaketanga o te mau parau tumu o te mātauranga me te mātauranga o te tangata whai wāhi i roto i te wāhi ngā o te mahi. Tei runga i te mara motuhake emit ahumahi, hōia, engineering, hauora, hākinakina me te ako hōia.

- ako Social. Kua tēnei ako kua ako i te ture o te whakatipu pāpori me te mātauranga o ngā tamariki. ako Social ngā whanaketanga mahi me te ariā i roto i te parae o rua mātauranga me te mātauranga o ngā tamariki me ngā pakeke kura.

- Tūmahi mātauranga curative - engineering pūnaha whakangungu mātauranga me te tukanga mātauranga ki ngā ākonga ngoikore mate ranei.

- Kei te whai whakaaro Ira tautake ara ki te waihanga i tētahi taiao māhorahora mō ngā tamariki i te kura me te huarahi ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te whakawhanaunga.

- te tāutu Ethnopedagogics tauira me ngā āhuatanga o te mātauranga motu, me te mātāwaka i runga i te pūtake o whaipara, taketake, tikanga ethno-reo, me te oraraa totiare.

- Na roto i te mau parau tumu tamariki whakawhanakehia pūnaha o te mātauranga, me te whakatipu o ngā tamariki i roto i te utuafare.

- Ko te mahi o whakatairite mātauranga - tauira ako o te whanaketanga me te mahi o nga pūnaha mātauranga, me te whakangungu o whenua rerekē.

- ako mahi fakatonutonu takahi whakatika kōwhiringa toe ako'i ai o tangata i roto i te puritia.

he hononga tata

Psychology i roto i te ako e whakamahia ana te ki te whakaahua, te whakamārama me te whakarite i meka. I tua atu, kei te tata hono te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai ki te whaiaroaro rite ki te tāutu i te whanaketanga hinengaro, me te tinana o tikanga mana o ngā ākonga he mea nui ki te whakaaro tauira o te mahi o kaiao. whakapumautia te hononga tino matatini i waenganui i ako me te ohaoha. taea ki te whakaawe i te whanaketanga o te mātauranga o te hapori te whakamutunga, ko te. I roto i tenei take, te pūnaha o mehua ōhanga taea whai he whakahohe pānga inhibitory ranei i runga i te tono mō te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou, a ka tango ano hoki tenei wa ki pūkete te ako. Mātauranga rite te pūnaha i roto i te hiahia tamau o te whakaongaonga ōhanga.

tūnga pūmau

I reira, kahore tetahi te hiahia ki te ui ki te mana pūtaiao o te ako. E whakaaetia whānuitia ana e tona whāinga ko te matauranga o nga ture o te mātauranga whakangungu me te hanganga tangata e i runga i tenei kaupapa ki te whakatau i te ara pai ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga o te mahi whakaako. E ai ki te nuinga o ngā kairangahau, he he ara paerewa o te wahi ariā (axioms, te mau parau tumu, te mau ture, kaupapa i roto i te ako) me te mahi (hangarau, tikanga, tikanga) tenei pūtaiao.

Research Institute

I roto i Russia, kua roa utua te whanaketanga o te ako aro. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i tenei pūtaiao i roto i te USSR, i whakatuwheratia e rua'inisititiuti rangahau. Ko te tuatahi roa i 1924 ki te 1939-th tau. Ko te National Institute o Scientific Whakaako tenei. I tū te reira i runga i te parepare Fontanka.

Ko te Institute Research o te Mātauranga, whakapumautia i roto i 1948, kua mahi ki te hītori me te ariā, me te tikanga whakaako. I te tau 1969 i puta ke ai ki te evanelia mātauranga pakeke whānui.

poroporoaki ki ngā kaiako

tawhā Humanistic o mahi mātauranga - te tahi mea i runga i nei hāngai ko te ako hou. tikanga kaupapa o te rangahau pūtaiao kawea atu i roto i tenei rohe e ki te āwhina i ngā kaiako ki te tuhi i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te mooni akiaki tūmatanui, me te tika, me te pai. Ko te kaiako hou kia feinga ki te hinga enei āputa, ka whakapai ake, ki te hanga i te mārama wä faaotiraa-whaiaro mo te whakawhiti whai hua o te matauranga ki ngā ākonga, me te angitu mahi mātauranga.