Ko te ture o te mahi o whākōkī me ratou ara

Ka rite ki te kōwae o mea ora, e ngā mahi rite te huinga o ngā pūnaha koiora tuwhera, kua tonu kōrero i te pūtau ki te taonga taiao o waho, me te pūngao. Ki te mau tonu homeostasis roto reira i reira ko te rōpū o ngā matū motuhake o te āhua pūmua - whākōkī. Hanganga, mahi me te ture o te mahi o nga whākōkī ako mataora peka motuhake, enzymology huaina. I roto i tenei tuhinga, mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira raima, ka whakaaro matou ngā pūhanga me tikanga o ture te mahi o whākōkī tūturu i roto i te kararehe teitei me te tangata.

Ko te tikanga e tika ana mō te mahi paru tino

āpiha kaha biologically e tīpakongia pā e rua te tauhohenga whakawhenumi me te wāhinga whakaatu ona āhuatanga catalytic i roto i te pūtau i raro i etahi tikanga. Hei tauira, he mea nui ki te kitea i roto i roto i te mea wahi o te pūtau e tuu i te tukanga matū, e whai wāhi whākōkī. compartmentation Nā (te wehenga o te cytoplasm ki te pae) tauhohe pato'ito'ii puta i roto i tona ngā wahi me organelles.

Ko te kupu, kawea kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i roto i te ribosomes me ratou wāhinga - i roto i te hyaloplasm. Pūtau ture mahi o whākōkī e catalyze tauhohe matüora ritenga, whakarato kore anake te auau rere ikeiketanga o pākia, engari ārai hoki te hanganga o te pūngao ngā huarahi pūkoro tinana memeha.

multienzyme matatini

whakahaere hanganga me te mahi o nga whākōkī, enzymatic puka pūtau kōwae. kōtuitui o te nuinga o nga tauhohe matū e tango i te wahi i roto i reira. Ki te i roto i te hua tukanga matū multistage o te tauhohenga tuatahi ko te matū hohe hoki atu, i roto i tenei take, faaite te whakaritenga mokowā o whākōkī i roto i te pūtau kei te tino kaha.

Me mahara te reira e te whākōkī kei i āhua ohie pūmua matatini ranei. Na ratou te tūtohutanga ki substrates pūtau tika matua ki te huringa i roto i ona ake whirihoranga mokowā o hanganga tuatoru quaternary ranei o te peptide. Whākōkī me te huru ki huringa i roto i ngā tawhā pūtau pērā i hanganga matū hyaloplasm, kukū o matū hohe me ngā hua tauhohe, te pāmahana e kore anake, engari ano ki huringa i roto i te pūtau tata ranei i roto i te inu wahopūtau.

Aha wehea pūtau ki compartments

pūrere kararehe whaitake, me te arorau mīharo noa. E pā ana tino tenei ki te mau faaiteraa ora āhuatanga o te pūtau. Hoki pūtaiao kēmihi tino mārama e Anga-tini tauhohe matū enzymatic, hei tauira te kōtuitui o glycolysis me kūhuka e taea kore puta i roto i te ngongo taua. Pehea, Na, puta te ritenga i roto i te hyaloplasm tauhohenga he pūtau kotahi, i te mea te tïpako mo ratou haerea? Huri i te reira i roto i taua i te tirotiro pūtau - te cytosol, - kua kawea ai te tukanga matū pato'ito'ii i roto i mokowā wehea me ngā puka taratahi te huanui - compartments. E whakaritea rawa ïa Nā ki o ratou tauhohe pūkoro tinana o kararehe teitei me te tangata, a ka kua puta ngā hua pūkoro tinana ki puka, ngāwari te ô i roto i te taiepa o ngā pae pūtau. Next, whakahokia ratou tona hanganga taketake. I tua atu ki te cytosol, i roto i te whākōkī i roto i organelles: ribosomes, pungaraungao, karihi, lysosomes.

Ko te tūranga o te whākōkī i roto i te ka pākia pūngao

A feruri i te decarboxylation oxidative o pyruvate. Ture o te mahi catalytic o whākōkī kua pai ako reira enzymology. e tenei tukanga matüora wahi i roto i te pungaraungao - organelles dvumembrannyh o ngā pūtau eukaryotic - me he tukanga takawaenga i waenganui i te kūhuka te wāwāhi anoxic me te huringa Krebs. Pyruvate matatini dehydrogenase - PDH - kei toru whākōkī. I roto i te kararehe teitei me te tangata whakaiti ona tupu ki te whakanui ake kukū o acetyl-ropu mai ko Nath, arā i roto i te take o te kē whai wāhitanga mātauranga rāpoi o acetyl-ropu mai. Ki te hiahia te pūtau atu wahi o te pūngao, me te titau rāpoi ngota acceptor hou mō ngā tauhohe amplification tricarboxylic huringa waikawa, e whakahohe i te whākōkī.

He aha te mea inhibition allosteric

Ka taea te kawea Ture o te mahi o whākōkī i ki matū motuhake - inhibitors catalytic. kia kia covalently hono ratou ki whākōkī te huanui motuhake, bypassing tona pae kaha. arata'i tenei ki te deformation mokowā o te hanganga whakakōkī me aunoa e faatupu te whakaiti i roto i ona āhuatanga enzymatic. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, i reira he ture allosteric o mahi paru. tāpiri hoki tatou e tenei puka o mahi catalytic tūturu whākōkī oligomeric, i.e. hunga ngā o rua, neke atu rānei subunits pūmua polymeric nei rāpoi ngota. Kei te kei tika PDH-matatini kōrero i roto i te taitara o mua e toru paru oligomeric: dehydrogenase pyruvate, he dehydrogenase me degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

whākōkī ture

Rangahau i Enzymology whakapumautia meka e te tere o te tauhohe matū tei e rua i runga i te kukū me te mahi o te whakakōkī. Nuinga o ngā wā, i roto i nga huarahi pūkoro tinana nui whākōkī e whakahaere te tere o te tauhohenga i ona pae katoa.

E huaina ratou ture, me te nuinga o te wā pā te tauhohenga tuatahi o te matatini, a taea whai wāhi i roto i te nuinga o ngā tukanga matū puhoi i roto i te tauhohe tina heke, uru te matū hohe i ngā manga i roto i te huarahi pūkoro tinana ranei.

Kia pehea te Ko te pāhekoheko peptide

Kotahi tikanga e ai te ture o te mahi paru puta i roto i te pūtau, ko te pāhekoheko pūmua-pūmua. He aha te mea te reira? hanumi pūmua ture te ki te rāpoi ngota paru, ai ratou whakahohenga. Hei tauira, kei te whākōkī adenylate cyclase i runga i te mata i roto o te membrane pūtau me kia taunekeneke ki taua hanganga rite taiaki receptor me te peptide tikanga i waenganui reira me te whākōkī. Mai taui te hua pūhui taiki receptor tona pūmua takawaenga haamauraa mokowā, ka karanga i tenei tikanga o te whakarei ake i te āhuatanga catalytic o adenylate cyclase i roto i te mataora ko "whakahohenga rironga tika pūmua ture."

Protomers me ratou tūranga i roto i te matūora

Tenei rōpū o matū, te kore i huaina kinases pūmua, whakatere te whakawhitinga o te anion PO ₄ ^3- waikawa gidroksogrupp amino no ki te macromolecule peptide. ka Ture o te mahi o whākōkī protomers e whakaaro e tatou kia rite ki te tauira o te pūmua kinase A. reira rāpoi ngota - tito tetramer te o rua catalytic me rua subunits ture, me te peptide e kore mahi i rite te whakakōkī rite te roa rite te rohe ture mō te protomer piri te rāpoi ngota e wha puni. ai huringa o te hanganga mokowā o pūmua ture, e arata'i ki te tuku o te rua catalytic matūriki pūmua whakahohe, i.e. protomers dissociation tenei. Ki te wehe i te subunits ture o puni rāpoi ngota, whakahokia ano pūmua kinase matatini tautauā ki te tetramer, rite puta Association catalytic me matūriki peptide ture. Ko te kupu, ko te ara te ture o te mahi paru kōrero i runga whakarato ratou natura reversible.

Matū ture o te mahi paru

Biochemistry a ako i enei tikanga o te ture o te mahi paru, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. Ko te tikanga o te ture o te mahi paru i roto i tenei take e te puka e whai ake nei: ngā toenga waikawa amino o te paru kei roto OH ^-, te huri o ratou whakarerekē matū e tika ana ki te rongo ki te fosfoproteinfosfataz. I roto i tenei take, te ako Nireaha ki te pae kaha o te pūmua whākōkī, te whākōkī mo etahi take e te whakahohe ai ratou i te reira, a mo etahi atu - inhibitory. fosfoproteinfosfataz āhuatanga catalytic e whakaritea ratou e hormones roto i te tahuri. Hei tauira, māngaro kararehe - glycogen - me te ngako i roto i waenganui i ngā kai e pakaru iho i roto i te wahi gastrointestinal, ranei atu ïa, i roto i te duodenum raro i te mana o te glucagon - pūmua whākōkī pancreatic.

whakarei ana tēnei tukanga e phosphorylation o whākōkī gastrointestinal arataukai. I roto i te wā kaha o te nakunaku ina tomo kai i te puku ki te duodenum, whakarei glucagon kōtuitanga te. Taiāki huka - kotahi paru pancreatic whakaputaina e te pūtau Arepa o nga moutere o Langerhans, - pāhekoheko ki te receptor, tae atu phosphorylation o te huarahi kotahi o whākōkī kūnatunga.

proteolysis wāhanga

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, taumata o te ture o te mahi paru i roto i te pūtau rerekē. Hoki whākōkī e te hunga waho i te cytosol organelles (i roto i te wē toto ranei i roto i te wahi gastrointestinal) ranei, ko te tikanga o te whakahohenga ko te tukanga o te tauhohenga wai o peptide here CO-NH. Kei te hiahiatia te reira, mai e synthesized taua whākōkī i roto i te puka tautauā. piri rāpoi ngota e te wahi peptide paru me he kaupapa ki te whakarereke o te hanganga o te pae kaha te toenga. arata'i tenei ki te meka e te paru "ngā te huru mahi", e ko, taea ki te whakaawe i te akoranga o te tukanga matū ko. Hei tauira, e kore te pancreatic paru paruparu trypsinogen kai piri pūmua tomo te duodenum. E te reira wahi i raro i te mahi o te proteolysis enteropeptidase. I muri i whakahohe te whākōkī kei te me kua huaina nei trypsin. proteolysis Motunga - he reversible te tukanga. puta te reira i roto i te wā pērā i te faaitoitoraa o whākōkī e wahia iho polypeptides i roto i te upoo- toto.

Tūnga o te kukū o te rauemi tīmata i roto i te pākia e pūtau

Ture o te mahi o te wātea paru tïpako tirohia tetahi wahi i roto i te upoo parau whakapā "matatini multienzyme." Ko te tere o te tauhohe catalytic tango wahi i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga, ko te tino ti'aturi i runga i te maha o ngā rāpoi ngota o te rauemi tīmata kei roto i ngā pūtau hyaloplasm organelles ranei. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te tere o te ara pūkoro he tika hautanga ki te kukū o te rauemi tīmatanga tēnei. Ko te nui muingota tauhohe kei roto i te cytosol, te teitei te tere o te tauhohenga matū muri katoa.

ture allosteric

Whākōkī e whakahaeretia kore anake e te kukū o te tīmata rauemi, tauhohenga, engari ano nga matū effector, āhuatanga e te ture allosteric pera i huaina nei mahi. E te aroaro te nuinga o enei whākōkī ki ngā hua takawaenga o pākia i roto i te pūtau. Nā ki te effectors ka whakatinanahia te ture o te mahi paru. faaite Biochemistry e he tino nui mo te pākia o ngā pūtau enei pūhui, ka karanga whākōkī allosteric, rite to ratou he tūtohutanga tino nui ki huringa i roto i tona homeostasis. Ki te inhibits te whākōkī te tauhohenga matū, arā whakaiti reira tona tere - huaina te mea he effector tōraro (inhibitor). I roto i te take te ritenga, ka reira he he hua i roto i te tere o te tauhohenga, mai te reira ki te activator - he effector pai. I roto i te nuinga o te wā i te rauemi tīmata, i.e. te matū hohe tomo ki taunekeneke matū tākaro he activators tūranga. O te akoranga, te hua i hanga e te tauhohe multistage whakahaere rite inhibitors. Tenei momo o te ture hangaia i runga i te hononga o te kukū o matū hohe me ngā hua, ka karanga heterotrophic.