NATO whawhai i roto i Afghanistan (2001-2014): take, hua me hopearaa

I muri i te whawhai kaiwhakatuma Mahuru 11, 2001 timata te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan. korero poto tatou e pā ana ki te mea uaua enei ngā, engari ka tamata tatou ki te noho i runga i te meka tino nui, me te āhuatanga. Kia tīmata a ki te meka e taea te wehea te pakanga nui-tauine i roto i tona whānuitanga ki te maha ngā mahi nui rauhanga:

• "He kaha Freedom".
• "Operation Anaconda".
• Ko te mahi i roto i te tonga Afghanistan.

Tīmata o te mahi, me nga rōpū matua ki te pakanga

roa te topatahi mo te wa roa. I roto i te 1989, i mahue te Soviet Union te whenua pukepuke, a kawea te ope hōia katoa. Otira, muri iho i taua te rongo i roto i te rohe, me te kore i tae mai. whawhati te riri o te terrorism me te tutu i roto i ki te kaha inä. He pakanga ā toto e tu kia te oraraa o civilians tawhiti tua atu Afghanistan.

Ko te āhuatanga whakatuma me te Federation Russian. I muri i te parariraa o te rohe ki Soviet i waenganui Afghanistan me nga whenua hou motuhake - Tajikistan ko Uzbekistan - Kei te tino whakatuwheratia. Kua riro e rua hou i hanga whenua Āhia he rohe moka, me te kaiwhakahaere o te raau taero, me patu i Central Asia ki to tatou whenua. E kore te mea i runga i te whawhai ki terrorism. Russia, i roto i te noa'tu o tiaki, i takoha ki te wawao. timata Āwhina ki te faaitoito i te hoariri mua o te USSR - te Northern Alliance - i roto i tona whawhai ki te Taliban. Ahakoa tenei, he tata nga Taliban to tatou hoa ki te rohe o Tajikistan.

whai wāhi o NATO i te pakanga, me te "Operation He kaha Freedom"

ke katoa i roto i te 2001. I muri i te whawhai kaiwhakatuma ua faaite te United States e te whakaaro o te pakanga, ko te ki te whawhai terrorism me te kai, me te tiaki o ngā uara manapori i roto i te whenua. timata te reira roa te pakanga o NATO i Afghanistan.

Te Northern Alliance, tango painga o te āhuatanga, haere i runga i te ino. Mana, tautoko Russia te whakaekenga US. Ahakoa tokomaha i roto i to tatou whenua whakaae wawaotanga o NATO i Afghanistan rite te riri ki te haumarutanga motu. I te wa o te whakaekenga US me hoa Taliban i te mana tonu o te whenua. Tenei aratau i mua i te pakanga i mohio ki a tautoko taua hoa American pērā i Pakistan me Hauti Arapia.

Whakamārama ki te pakanga

He aha ko te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan? Poto e pā ana ki te take ka taea e koe te mea i te whai ake: Mahuru 11, 2001 i roto i te pokapū hokohoko nui rawa o te ao i roto i te New York tuki rererangi ratau e hoto. Twin Towers, rite i mohiotia e ratou katoa i runga i te ao, i whakaaro he tohu o te angitu, te pai me te toko i te ora o te United States rite te superpower ōhanga kaha. Ko tenei tohu i runga i tetahi taahiraa ki te Statue rongonui o Liberty. Otiia ki te mea i te tohu whakamutunga o motuhake tōrangapū me te haere noa o tangata American, te pourewa - ohaoha pai-oranga. I tua atu, i whakapono katoa Ameliká ko te tino rangimarie, me te haumaru i tuma waho ratou whenua. nui atu pānga ru te ngangau i roto i te whawhai Japanese i runga i te turanga Kiwa o te US Air Force i roto i Hawaii i Pearl Harbor. DG ngā pūrākau American i runga i 11 Mahuru. i wehea History ki te aroaro o, a i muri i te whawhai kaiwhakatuma.

Te ati e mōhiotia ana whakahaere kaiwero e wehingia ana "Al Qaeda". mohio tona matenga o Osama bin e waha tau kaiwhakatuma ao 1, a ka ua faaite te hopu hoki ia. ngaro atu ia ki Afghanistan i te Taliban. ka ui US ko ona hoa ki te hoatu ki runga bin e waha, engari i pai. ui Taliban mo taunakitanga o te whai wāhi o "Al Qaeda" i roto i te bombings Trade Center i New York. katahi anake ka waiho reira taea kōrero. NATO whawhai i roto i Afghanistan hei kua mooni.

Ko te akoranga o te whawhai

Mahuru 22, 2001, te wahi i tino Hauti Arapia me Pakistan hononga katoa ki te Taliban. Whakakahore ratou āwhina hōia ki te Alliance Northern, a kei te faaineine NATO ki te patu. tupu te reira i te tomonga nui o rerenga i Afghanistan ki Pakistan.

timata ngā mahi Military Oketopa 7, 2001 ki whakaeke rangi. Ko te tuatahi i ngaro korero rangi iti o te Taliban. E wha tekau rererangi o US me kaha rangi Ingarangi whakarewahia he pū nui o ngā taumata rautaki. I te wa ano haere te kaipuke ki te whakarewa i missiles ipu ki te hoariri, a ka timata wae motuhake o ope whenua te mahi whenua.

Ko te Taliban kī e whai hua te whawhai ngā marau rangi, a tae noa whakakitea he kongakonga o te tahuhu topatopa, whakapae tātou anō ngā pūnaha ārai rangi. Otira ka whakakahore Central Whakahaua tenei mōhiohio, ka mea e te topatopa whawhai CH-47 hit te kamaka. noho te motokā i roto i te mahi, engari ngaro te tahuhu i roto i te tukinga.

Ko te teihana anake e hipokina te ngā i rua ngā rōpū whawhai, ko te HATARI "Al-Jazeera". Ētahi atu pāpāho, kihai i te Taliban whakaae ki a ia.

Ko te tūranga matua i roto i te pakanga no ki te rererangi patu. puai B-1 B-2 i whakamahia, B-52. Whakamahia pōma nui, tae atu tino kaha te tiaki kore-karihi "Deyzikatter". He marama i muri mai, te Taliban i whakangaromia te rererangi katoa, turakina te tuarongo, kua te ope te parekura. arahina tenei ki te whakaora o te Alliance Northern, e oho ki te aroraa i. Whiringa 9 tangohia nui pa o Mazar-i-Sharif.

Kua mamae nei ona tuatahi nui hinga, te Taliban kitea rawatia ake ka anga ki te fatifati i. timata tokomaha o nga wae nui ki te neke ki te taha o te haumi. I ngā tau pokapū-Whiringa, i tukua tata te rohe katoa o Afghanistan mo e te Taliban. Whiringa 13 tukua i runga i ki Kapuru, i tū i roto i te 1996. I roto i o ratou ringa, kia e anake pa nui o Kunduz i te raki. hāngai te ope matua i roto i te tonga. I roto i te mutunga o Whiringa-, me whawhai i tangohia me te pokapū o militants.

Papā - te take o te raruraru pāpori

arahina nga mau hopearaa o te whawhai ki raruraru fakaetangatá nui. I wahia e te pakanga i te whenua kotahi kia rua nga ropu whakahawea. ngā takatakahanga Air Ameliká ki patu pū katoa kihai i taea e meinga taotū i roto i civilians. mau taupori i waenganui i te kamaka, me te wahi pakeke, i waenganui o nga ope Taliban me NATO. Kua turakina te whawhai te ōhanga, hanganga, pūnaha hauora uouangataha. Maturuturu iho ki te rererangi utanga fakaetangatá kihai i nui. kua ratou tohatoha kua whai hua. maha taka kawenga ki te ringa o te hōia, me te e kore e tae te taupori. Kua nui kua whara, tino mate. hiahiatia ratou te tauturu, hohipera. I roto i te horopaki o te whawhai ki te mahi i reira tata e taea. E rave rahi mau metua vahine hoatu whanautanga i runga i te ara, kahore e mohio ana te tiaki. E mea pinepine i roto i te tukanga o te kawe iwi mate kua koperea ki e rua taha e whawhai.

kōrero whāia te akiaki o te mahi o te International Whero Cross. Kua whakaaetia te feia faatere Taliban te whakahaere ki te mahi i roto i tona rohe. Ratou whakaaturia ratou hihiko ki awhina iwi, e kore ki te pokanoa ki te misioni o te ao atawhai me hauora rōpū. Kei te tuhia te reira i roto i te tūtohinga NATO. Heoi, matā auau me bombardments raruraru ratou mahi. tonu civilians ki mamae nga ino katoa o te whawhai.

Ko te ūnga o US Marines

Na roto i te mutunga o Noema i te ringa o te Taliban noho te pa nui anake - Kandahar. I i titiro ia rite te pouraka o te Taliban, a ka kähaki tona mate militants ngākau. Here i reira he ano he rangatira wairua - Mullah Omar. Ki te kaipuke e tu ana i roto i te Moana Arapi tata Kandahar, u te ūnga tuatahi o nga Tahí. Tapeke mano. Kua riro NATO whawhai i roto i Afghanistan momo teretetiera.

tamata te Taliban ki maka hōia i te pa, tomo ana ki te whawhai ki wātea waka Armoured katoa, engari topatopa rangi whawhai ki te whakangaro i tenei rōpū. mauähara Artillery me te rangi aro te āhuatanga i roto i Kandahar. Moana i roto i te whawhai nui kihai i whai wāhi. I roto i te tīmatanga o Hakihea, Mullah Omara, ki te toe ope tukua te pa. haere wāhanga o te whawhai ki a Pakistan, etahi, tae atu te rangatira wairua, rere ki te maunga. whakaaro tukunga o Kandahar te te mutunga o te wāhanga matua o mua.

Na arotahi te aro katoa i runga i ope NATO ki te pokapū kaha o Tora Bora. kanohi ia he fakatu'utāmaki nui mo te whakakotahitanga, t. Ki. Mai i te wa o te USSR i te whawhai i roto i te Afghanistan i te whatunga ana tino, i pai taiepa, ka i he huarahi ngaro ki te tautoko i huarahi. E ai ki ngā pūrongo maramarama, ko reira konei e whanga kohuru tau kotahi - Osama bin e waha. arahina ngā mahi whawhai Meiha Afghan National Army, e tautokona ana e te Royal Air Force me te US. Kua mutu te mahi hōia pai mo te whakakotahitanga: i tangohia Tora Bora, engari kihai i Osama bin e waha kitea. I mua i te whakaekenga i mahue ia i te rohe taiepa.

Ahakoa te meka i whakahaere te kaiwhakatuma matua ki te mawhiti, ua faaite NATO me te kāwanatanga US te misioni angitu i roto i Afghanistan. I patua nga ope matua o te Taliban, kua tangohia te pokapū hōia nui katoa, ka whakawhiti te mana i roto i ngā kaupapa here pro-Western te whenua o o Hamid Karzai. Ia riro te matenga o te tauwhirowhiro wā i roto i te tau 2001, me te te wā peresideni i roto i te tau 2002.

Ki te mau tonu te rongo, me te te pai i roto i te whenua kua tangohia i te taumira o te Kaunihera Haumarutanga UN i runga i Hakihea 20, 2001. E ai ki te tuhinga, te International Haumarutanga Assistance Force (ISAF) e hāngai ana i runga i te haumi Te Tai Tokerau Atlantic. I te tīmatanga, i te whakahaere ki te mahi anake i roto i Kapuru.

mahi anti-kaiwhakatuma

Ko te tino rongonui i roto i te aamu o te pakanga mōhiohio "Operation Anaconda" i ki terrorism. NATO hoariri mōhiohio whakaaturia reira te "Al-Qaeda".

I muri tango pokapū rautaki matua - Kandahar Kangatari Bora - i haere he rōpū o militants ki te tonga-rawhiti o te whenua. E ai ki te Central Intelligence Agency, i roto i te tīmatanga o 2002 ope nui kaiwhakatuma huihui tata te Shahi-Kot me faaineine ki te whawhai ki whakakotahitanga. faaoti te feia faatere NATO ki te pupuri i te patu i mua-kāwanatanga.

ngā mahi counter-terrorism ki "al-Qaeda" whakaritea i runga i kï tauira "hama me paepae". I runga i te ringa kotahi i koe ki te patu i nga hoia Afghan pro-Western me tutu muri tata whiriwhiri US Forces Motuhake.

"Operation Anaconda" i tū i te 2 ki te 18 o Maehe 2002. miscalculated rangatira American tactically misjudging te mana whawhai o te hoariri. I pai te rite "Al-Qaeda" mo te korero, a ka i he ātete kaha. Ko te taketake mahere "hama me paepae" i ki kia mahue, ie. A. I te pae o te whawhai i pai zhno hanga. I te Maehe 4, haupapatia ia he wehe o te whakaaro motuhake i runga i te hiwi Thakur-Gard. kua kotahi topatopa waka taimaha MH-47e kua ngaro, me etahi atu e rua i tino pakaru.

I muri i te mate taua patua nga Ameliká aro rangi kaha i runga i te rohe Thakur-Gard. Otiia rere nga ope taketake te rohe maunga. Te hunga noho i patua e aro rangi. I muri i taua, riro te Ope te Shahi-Kot.

Hua o ngā mahi

ua faaite NATO rangatira nui te ahunga whakamua i roto i te akoranga o "Operation Anaconda". Ko te whawhai ki terrorism tonu. Military ratou whāki pororaru taua tauākī. kihai i taea e ratou matau he aha e kore i te airstrikes kaha whakahaeretia i mua i te ati i roto i te awaawa Thakur-Gard. He aha e kore i debugged reira pāhekoheko i waenganui i nga ope whenua me te kaha rangi. E ai ki te raraunga e pā ana, i roto i te mahi patua e waru hoia mō ngā take motuhake, i werohia 80. Ko reira taupatupatu te nui hōia US whenua ki kawe i roto i Afghanistan. E ai ki ngā puna, kua ngaro "Al-Qaeda" i te rau ki te mano iwi. Ko, ahakoa tenei, noho nga ope matua Taliban i te rarangi, a oho ki te rohe ki a Pakistan. I roto i nga tau katoa o te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan, ko te whawhai i roto i te raorao Thakur-Gard te nui tino o te Ameliká i roto i tenei whawhai.

"Al-Qaeda" Ko whiwhi whakauka

I runga i te rohe AFGHAN-Pakistan ko te pera-ka karanga "rohe iwi" - he wāhi mamao maunga, e kore te mana i te mana e pā ana. I roto i te whawhai ki te Soviet Union ki te whakamahi i te reira tōtika mo te faaineineraa o te utu Taliban. I roto i te 2004, i raro i US pēhanga, tamata Pakistan kua ki te tango i te mana o te rohe. Otiia tutuki ahau i runga i te ātete kaha o militias iwi.

Ko reira konei e pūmau te Taliban, ka huihui nga ope katoa, a ka anga whakamahere ngā mahi hōia. Kua puta ke te reira i me te rautaki o te whawhai. I wehea te whenua ki te maha takiwa. Hoki ia rākai i whakakotahi me tona ope. kua whakapumautia te reira i te pūnaha whakamōhiotanga i waenganui ia ratou. NATO whawhai i roto i Afghanistan tangohia kua he tahuri ohorere.

Kua tangohia te Taliban tātai o takitahi patua wehi me ohofi iti. Whakahaere ngā mahi anti-kaiwhakatuma, pērā i "Mongoose" i roto i January 2013, ahakoa ki te meinga kino appreciable ki te Taliban, engari e kore e te ke te pikitia katoa. ka anga Meiha whakaeke kaiwhakatuma ki te kākara i roto i tata nga pa nui. whakawehi Danger ko Kapuru. Pipiri 7 reira ko te pahūtanga. whakatangihia te rererangi ia ake me ki hoia Tiamana. timata Haumarutanga International Assistance Force ki mamae parekura. Kua arahina whakapakari o te Taliban ki te meka i roto i te tahi mau kawanatanga tonga anga ki te whakarite kawana atarangi. Kua riro enei kawanatanga Nangarhar, Kunar, Paktia, Paktika.

Ko te tōrangapū, me te taha ohaoha ora ko te āta whakapai ake. I roto i te Hānuere 2004, i roto i te Afghanistan whāngai i te kaupapa ture hou, a ka kua puritia nga pōtitanga peresideniraa manapori tuatahi i roto i Oketopa. riro ratou Hamid Karzai. O te akoranga, i waho te tautoko o whenua Western, he pea ki i taea ki te pupuri i runga i ki te mana kua te rangatira Afghan. I roto i te tonga o Kapuru, kei te hoko i te mana tūturu piki Taliban. Ko te tātai o pakanga te pakanga ki te pea hua.

I roto i te whakautu, atu te Kaunihera Haumarutanga UN mahi ISAF waho Kapuru. I roto i te 2005, ka kino ake te pakanga. He katoa o 17 mate o te hōia Spanish. Ko te toparere i roto i i i kopikopiko ratou i te tata, i koperea iho. Ano hoki tenei tau, kua ngaro ope NATO kotahi toparere MH-47, 16 hoia mō ngā take motuhake, āhua 50 Moana i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whenua. Nga parekura i tukua me te tahi atu mau melo o te whakakotahitanga o te ao.

Mahi i roto i Southern Afghanistan

2006 i tohua e te whakataki o ope NATO i tonga Afghanistan. ino takekore haere tahi i te pakanga tōrangapū pūmau i roto i te Alliance. Ko te meka i tū te mahi NATO i Afghanistan ki te utu takawaenga o whenua whai wāhi i roto i te i pai ki te whawhai. Ko te kupu, kua koi whakawakia te United Basileia me Canada nga Hōrana me Tiamana i roto i te makanga o te ino nui-tauine i roto i te tonga. Ahakoa nga Tatimana me nga Tiamana kihai i paopao ki i te whai wāhitanga i roto i te pakanga hei wāhanga o ISAF, engari tamata ki te tiaki ia ratou i whakaeke nui.

Heoi ino te mahi NATO i Afghanistan, ahakoa te totohe, i tango wahi. I roto i te mahi "pakaruhanga Mountain" me "Medusa" huna e pā ana ki 2 mano. Taliban. Otiia i tukua e te Alliance parekura. Ko te kupu, i roto i tetahi whawhai, Canada kua ngaro 21 hoia - neke atu i te i roto i te katoa te whakahaere i roto i taua whenua.

I roto i te Hui-tanguru 2007 i riro Musa Qala i te Taliban. i anake i roto i te Hakihea i taea e ki te peia nga militants i o te pa te reira i te ope Afghan hou. Me kï reira e mahue hoariri American i waho ratou rangatira i te pae varua. E ono marama i mua, i roto i Mei, patua Mullah Dadullah. Pea ko te take mo te hinga o te Taliban tenei.

I 2007, i reira ko te take tino nanakia i roto i nga tau katoa o te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan. maina te rererangi whakamomori he waka American ki nga Tahí. Te reira i tupu i roto i te takiwa o Shinwar Maehe 4. I roto i te whakautu, ka uakina e nga Tahí ahi i runga i te taupori rangimarie o Afghanistan. Ko te patunga o te whakaeke ko te neke atu i te 20 civilians patua.

August 2, 2007 i roto i te patu rangi pohehe i roto i te rohe patua Bagraev e pā ana ki te 200 te iwi.

Taliban counteroffensive

mahi Military ko te mutunga mate mo NATO. whenua Pākehā i muri i te tīmatanga o te tonga ne fakafisi ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te pakanga. Ingoa o te Alliance rite te kimi huarahi hōia kaha whakangaueuetia. tamata US tenge me tuma ki te pupuri i whenua Pākehā i te withdrawal o ona hoia. whakatangi te reira "e mau tonu NATO i te pirau" kōrero, "e kore e hoatu e whatiia ake te haumi." Māoritanga kaha anake tukua he iti kāpia ope whakakotahitanga rerekē. e kore e whawhai i waenganui i nga whenua whai wāhi tuituia, maramarama kore whakawhiti. Ia i ona ake rautaki o te pakanga. Na kua kite kahore tetahi te whāinga hopea o te aroraa, te wikitoria whakamutunga. Tenei takahi whakawhirinaki i roto i tahi i te tahi. Mō te misioni NATO timata ki te korero ārahi kaitōrangapū Pākehā. Hei tauira, te Pirimia Spanish mua Jose Maria Aznar.

ke kovi ange te āhuatanga e te meka e kua tangohia nga Taliban te taua tātai o te pakanga, ka rite ki ki te hoia Soviet i te wa. ◊ehi◊ehi ai te ope matua ki te rohe Pakistani, nohoia e te korero ngohi iti. Na ka kiia te puai katoa o te rererangi me te pū mō ngā wāhi kau. I muri i taua, i whakakorikoria te rohe ki Pakistani ake nga ope matua o nga militants nei i meinga i te kino nui ki te whakakotahitanga o te ao. Hei tauira, i te maha o ngā whakaeke pērā i roto i te kawanatanga Helmand tata te Pakistan. ngaro tactically nga Hoa i roto i te tikanga e kore te reira tangohia te mana o te rohe. Tenei hapa a arahina ki ngā hua rite.

Hua o te whawhai

Ko te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan, 2001-2014 gg. Te reira i kua arahina ki te whai ake i ngā hua:

• kore kua stabilization tōrangapū o te whenua, me te kua tutuki. whakapuakina te matenga o Afghanistan Hamid Karzai e kore hōia NATO kihai ia i puritia e te whenua.
• Alliance parekura. I roto i te mahi "He kaha Freedom" ngaro e pā ana ki 2.5 mano. Tangata. Neke atu i te hawhe o ratou - te Ameliká.
• Te whakanui ake i te hanga o mua. E ai ki te raraunga tuatahi o te UN, i roto i te noho o NATO i Afghanistan, kua nui haere production nani e 40 ngā wā.

US, o te akoranga, arahi me taha pai o te pakanga. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te rangatira American Baraka Obamy, i roto i Afghanistan whakaritea kia tōrangapū. hurihia Taliban mana. Otiia ki te faahiti i te matenga o tenei whenua maunga, na te ra i muri i muri i te withdrawal o ngā hōia whakakotahi, ka mau ano te Taliban te mana i roto i Afghanistan. i roto i te āhuatanga pai o te rangatira whawhai hoki i huaina te patu "Al-Qaeda" Osama bin e waha. whakahaere te reira ki te whakakore i te May 2, 2011 i roto i te mahi motuhake i roto i Pakistan. Otiia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakangaro i te tau kaiwhakatuma 1, kahore he take ki te tonoa e ngā hōia ki Pakistan. taea te tū te mahi rite i roto i Afghanistan kahore taotū harangotengote faufaa.

Ko te kupu, mōhio ana nga tohunga hōia katoa te kore o te misioni a NATO i Afghanistan. mea Ameliká ki kia i te sikalú, i te mea te reira uaua ki te tiki atu, kahore ngaro ingoa.